Description of the Courtroom

The courtroom was solemn and well-organized, with a formal and professional atmosphere. Hon. Luz V. Navarrete presided over the session, commanding authority and respect. The Public Prosecutor, Charlemaigne L. Meracap, was seated on the judge’s right, while Atty. Mark Anthony Arancina, representing the accused.

The accused appeared in a yellow shirt, signifying detention under the jurisdiction of the Department of Interior and Local Government – Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP). He was heavily guarded throughout the proceedings, which further emphasized the seriousness of the case. The courtroom also accommodated spectators, including our group, who observed with great focus.

The use of the local dialect, Bisaya, ensured clear communication, particularly when confirming case details and the accused’s plea. This inclusivity allowed for a fair and transparent trial. The proceedings were handled with utmost seriousness, and the conduct of all participants reflected professionalism.

Case Details:

1. Criminal Case No. 4647

·       Violation: Section 5, Article 2 of RA 9165 (Sale of Illegal Drugs)

·       Evidence: 1 sachet of shabu confiscated

·       Plea: Guilty

2. Criminal Case No. 4648

·       Violation: Section 11, Article 2 of RA 9165 (Possession of Illegal Drugs)

·       Evidence: 2 sachets of shabu confiscated

·       Plea: Guilty

Sequence of Events:

1.     The session commenced at 9:00 A.M., with the judge formally opening the proceedings.

2.     The charges against the accused were read aloud, to which he pleaded guilty for both cases.

3.     The prosecution presented evidence:

·       For the first violation (Case No. 4647): 1 sachet of shabu (drugs)

·       For the second violation (Case No. 4648): 2 sachets of shabu (drugs)

4.     Drug dependency results were submitted, indicating that the accused had mild dependence on illegal drugs.

5.     The judge delivered the sentences:

·       For the first violation (Sale of Illegal Drugs):

Ø  Sentence: 6 months and 4 days to 4 years imprisonment

Ø  Fine: ₱10,000 (subsidiary imprisonment if unable to pay)

·       For the second violation (Possession of Illegal Drugs):

Ø  Sentence: 1 year imprisonment

Ø  Fine: ₱10,000 (subsidiary imprisonment if unable to pay)

6.     In addition to the sentences, the court mandated that the accused undergo treatment and rehabilitation for at least 6 months at the LGU Rehabilitation Center in Biliran, Biliran.

Personal Observations and Experiences

As a group, we observed the proceedings with keen interest and respect for the legal process. The court maintained an atmosphere of seriousness and professionalism throughout the session. All participants conducted themselves with decorum, reflecting the importance of the cases being heard.

The experience allowed us to witness firsthand the critical balance between punishment and rehabilitation within the justice system, especially in cases involving drug-related offenses.

DOI 10.5281/zenodo.14403879 

ABSTRACT

The study focused on the development and validation of MathMation in Statistics, an innovative supplementary instructional material designed to enhance the teaching and learning of the least-learned competencies in Grade 7 statistics using an animation application. The research employed research and development (R &D) design, encompassing six (6) phases from needs assessment and competency identification to final production and implementation. The results revealed that MathMation shows strong support from specialists, with high ratings in comprehensiveness (4.66), adaptability (4.42), and innovation (4.75), all rated as "Strongly Agree." The Grand Mean rating of 4.61 highlights the overall positive assessment, affirming MathMation's success in delivering comprehensive, adaptable, and innovative content, while suggesting potential improvements in areas like multilingual support and alternative assessments for greater inclusivity. To assess the effectiveness of MathMation compared to traditional methods, the study analyzed pretest and posttest scores of both control and experimental groups. The results showed significant improvements in both groups, with the experimental group achieving a greater score increase, from a pretest mean of 8.91 to a posttest mean of 24.31, and a t-value of -20.05 (p-value = 0.00). The control group improved from 9.39 to 16.94 (t-value = -6.95, p-value = 0.00). These findings suggest that the use of MathMation had a greater impact on student learning. Recommendations include incorporating multimedia resources into teaching, organizing workshops for educators, and exploring the impact of animated videos across other mathematical topics.

Kеywords: MathMation, comprehensiveness of content, adaptability to diverse needs, innovation.

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Self-learning modules (SLMs) have emerged as transformative tools in modern education, particularly in teaching Grade 9 Technology and Livelihood Education (TLE) with a focus on cookery. These modules empower students to engage in independent learning, fostering critical skills such as time management, self-discipline, and problem-solving.

The versatility of SLMs lies in their ability to adapt to diverse learning environments. In the context of cookery, they offer students structured yet flexible access to essential culinary concepts and practical skills. Modules are typically designed to include detailed instructions, visual aids, and step-by-step procedures that cater to varying learning paces and styles. This flexibility ensures that students can revisit lessons or practice techniques until mastery is achieved, without the constraints of a traditional classroom setup.

Moreover, SLMs bridge gaps in education caused by limited resources or external disruptions, such as those experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic. Teachers can use these modules to provide consistent learning opportunities while incorporating real-world culinary applications. Additionally, the self-directed nature of SLMs cultivates a sense of responsibility in students, preparing them for lifelong learning and professional growth.

However, the effectiveness of SLMs is amplified when complemented by teacher guidance. Instructors can provide supplemental insights, address challenges, and evaluate students’ outputs, ensuring the application of theoretical knowledge to practical settings.

Generally, self-learning modules are invaluable in teaching Grade 9 TLE-Cookery. They empower students to learn autonomously while equipping them with essential culinary skills, making education both accessible and impactful.

DOI 10.5281/zenodo.14445124 

After the school bell rings, there are quiet moments when a teacher remains in the classroom, staying late to help students who are having difficulty. These after-school tutoring sessions, filled with patience and compassion, offer support and guidance to young individuals who need extra care and attention. Teachers attend workshops over the weekends, when many opt to unwind, in order to keep learning and improving their craft. They edit lesson plans till late at night in an effort to come up with fresh ideas for inspiring students' passion and interest.

A teacher’s journey is far from easy. There are several challenges to overcome, including big class sizes, scarce resources, and the ever-present needs of the teaching profession. Nevertheless, they continue despite everything, motivated by an unshakeable faith in every child's potential. Their diligence eventually pays off. Once-struggling students start to succeed, parents show sincere appreciation, and classroom involvement rises.

Beyond being a place for instruction, the classroom develops into a place for possibilities, inspiration, and progress. Beyond any individual accomplishment, the teacher's commitment changes lives. It proves that sincere dedication produces amazing results even in the face of adversity. Sacrificing comfort, energy, and time for a larger good is the essence of determination.

The world surrounding students and their future selves is ultimately shaped by this unwavering pursuit of excellence, driven by love and caring. But what drives such steadfast dedication? It's a profound realization that teaching is a calling, not just a job. It is a mission that requires one's heart, mind, and soul. Every teacher who chooses this route is aware of the immense responsibility they have. By molding and directing young brains that will eventually find their place in society, they are holding the future in their hands. And with that knowledge comes the insight that every additional hour worked, every lesson rewritten, and every child receiving assistance counts immensely.

Teachers are not just shaping minds—they are shaping the future, one child, one lesson, and one act of unwavering dedication at a time, leaving a legacy of hope, inspiration, and boundless potential that will echo through generations.

DOI 10.5281/zenodo.14445673 

The crossroads of law and management is not merely a union of two diverse disciplines; it's a dynamic interplay where legal wisdom and managerial expertise converge to create a powerful synergy. This essay explores the essential elements of this fascinating field, highlighting the skills and knowledge required to excel in this demanding yet rewarding area.

Foremost, recognizing the intertwined nature of law &management is vital as fundamentally related. Effective management requires a strong understanding of legal frameworks, regulations, and compliance. Conversely, legal professionals often find themselves needing to manage teams, projects, and resources effectively. This intricate relationship demands a unique skill set that blends legal expertise with managerial competence.

Its legal acumen involves a deep understanding of relevant laws, regulations, and ethical considerations is paramount. This includes contract law, employment law, intellectual property law, and corporate governance, depending on the specific industry and role. The ability to interpret complex legal documents, identify potential risks, and develop mitigation strategies is crucial.

Managerial Prowess conveys that successful leaders in this field require strong managerial skills. This encompasses strategic planning, team building, resource allocation, conflict resolution, and performance management. Effective communication, both written and verbal, is essential for conveying complex legal information to diverse audiences, including clients, colleagues, and subordinates. Examples of the synergy in action is a general counsel. This role requires both in-depth legal knowledge and strong managerial skills to lead a legal team, advise the company on legal matters, and ensure compliance. They must manage budgets, prioritize tasks, and mentor junior lawyers. Next is a compliance officer, wherein the position demands a thorough understanding of relevant regulations and the ability to implement and monitor compliance programs. Strong managerial skills are needed to train employees, conduct audits, and manage investigations. Another is a project manager in a law firm where managing complex legal projects requires meticulous planning, effective communication, and the ability to coordinate diverse teams.

Additionally, understanding legal processes and timelines is crucial for success as it commands continuous learning, because the legal and regulatory landscape is constantly evolving. Endless professional development is vital to stay updated on the latest laws, regulations, and best practices. Likewise, building a strong network of contacts within the legal and management communities can provide valuable insights and opportunities and seeking mentorship from experienced professionals in the field can provide invaluable guidance and support.

Hence, the Future of Law & Management and the increasing complexity of the global enterprise environment needs a growing demand for professionals who possess both legal and managerial capability. The future of law & management lies in the capacity to navigate this complexity, anticipate challenges, and create innovative solutions. Those who can successfully blend legal insight with managerial competence will be highly sought after in the years to come. The art of law & management is a journey of continuous learning, adaptation, and strategic thinking. It's a field that demands dedication, but the rewards and learnings are worth to treasure a lifetime.

DOI 10.5281/zenodo.14446292 

The gavel falls, a measured sound,

Where legal minds their battles ground.

Contracts drawn, with careful hand,

To bind agreements, understand.

But management, a different art,

To guide the team, play a key part.

With strategy and keenest eye,

To reach the goals, and soar so high.

The law's precision, black and white,

Management's dance, in shifting light.

Yet both require a steady hand,

To lead and guide, across the land.

For in the balance, both reside,

Where rules and people coincide.

One sets the stage, the other plays,

In harmony, through working days.

So let the law its structure keep,

While management its vision sweep.

Together they, a powerful force,

To chart a course and change the source.

DOI 10.5281/zenodo.14446316

The debate over school uniforms has been ongoing for decades, with some arguing that they are a necessary component of a successful education system, while others believe that they are an unnecessary expense that places undue burden on students and their families. So, is a school uniform a necessity or priority?

On one hand, proponents of school uniforms argue that they serve several important purposes. First and foremost, they promote a sense of unity and equality among students. When everyone is dressed in the same clothing, it eliminates the distractions that can arise from differences in clothing styles, brands, and quality. This, in turn, can help to foster a more inclusive and positive school environment, where students feel more connected to one another and to their school community as a whole.

Additionally, school uniforms are often seen as a way to promote discipline and respect among students. By establishing a clear dress code that all students must follow, schools can create a more structured and orderly learning environment. This, in turn, can help to reduce distractions and disruptions in the classroom, which can ultimately lead to improved academic performance.

Finally, proponents argue that school uniforms are a cost-effective solution for families who may struggle to provide their children with fashionable or high-quality clothing. By requiring a uniform, schools can eliminate the need for students to constantly purchase new clothing in order to keep up with the latest trends. This can be particularly beneficial for families who may be struggling financially, as it can help to reduce the social pressure that students may feel to keep up with their peers.

On the other hand, opponents of school uniforms argue that they are an unnecessary expense that places undue burden on students and their families. For starters, school uniforms can be quite costly, particularly for families with multiple children. In addition to the cost of the actual clothing items, families may also need to pay for alterations, accessories, and other related expenses.

Furthermore, opponents argue that school uniforms can actually be detrimental to students’ self-expression and individuality. By requiring every student to wear the same clothing, schools may be discouraging students from expressing their unique personalities and identities. This can be particularly problematic for students who may already feel marginalized or excluded, as it may further limit their ability to express themselves and connect with others.

Finally, opponents argue that there is little evidence to suggest that school uniforms actually improve academic performance or reduce disciplinary issues. While some  studies  have  shown  a  correlation  between  a  school  uniform  and  improved academic performance or outcomes, others have found no significant difference between students who wear uniforms and those who do not. Similarly, while some schools have reported a reduction in disciplinary issues after implementing a uniform policy, others have found no such correlation.

So, is a school uniform necessity or priority? Ultimately, the answer depends on a variety of factors, including the specific needs and priorities of the school community in question. While school uniforms can certainly provide some benefits, they may not be the right choice for every school or every student.

At the end of the day, the most important thing is to ensure that students feel safe, supported, and included in their school environment. Whether this is achieved through a uniform policy or other means is ultimately up to each individual school to decide.  However, by  taking  into  account  the  concerns  and  perspectives  of  all stakeholders involved, schools can work to create a learning environment that is both inclusive and effective.

DOI 10.5281/zenodo.14459249 

INTRODUCTION

Since China’s reform and opening up, rapid economic growth has driven the demand for skilled talent in industries like manufacturing and services. However, vocational and technical schools face challenges in meeting this demand due to outdated teaching methods, uneven teacher quality, and insufficient resources. The government has introduced policies to improve vocational education, such as making middle vocational education free for rural and disadvantaged students, marking a milestone in China’s educational reform. Despite progress, vocational education continues to struggle with systemic challenges compared to traditional education.

The introduction of constructivist theory in education during the 1970s emphasized active, student-centered learning. This theory advocates for students as active constructors of knowledge under the guidance of teachers, making the learning process interactive and meaningful. Constructivist principles form the foundation of interactive teaching, which enhances vocational education by improving teaching methods, fostering student engagement, and developing essential skills for modern industries. Interactive Teaching Model Interactive teaching emphasizes teacher-student and peer-to-peer interaction to construct knowledge collaboratively. Key components include:

1. Teacher Enlightenment: Teachers spark student interest with engaging stories or examples and provide guidance, setting the stage for meaningful learning.

2. Student Reflection: Students reflect on curriculum objectives, identify problems, and actively engage in solving them.

3. Group Activities: Students collaborate in dynamic groups to discuss and resolve challenges, fostering cooperative learning and deeper understanding.

4. Inter-group Communication: Groups share insights and solutions, encouraging critical thinking and mutual learning.

These methods enhance students’ problem-solving abilities, communication skills, and learning motivation while fostering a sense of ownership over their education.

Theoretical Underpinnings Constructivist theory highlights key elements for effective learning: context, collaboration, conversation, and meaning construction. It emphasizes learner-centered approaches, where students actively construct knowledge through exploration and reflection, guided by teachers. Vygotsky’s concept of the "zone of proximal development" supports this by suggesting that teaching should target the gap between students’ current abilities and their potential development.

Social Cognitive Theory Albert Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory underpins the benefits of interactive teaching. Key concepts include:

• Reciprocal Determinism: Personal factors, behaviors, and the environment influence each other dynamically.

• Self-Efficacy: Students develop confidence in their abilities through successful experiences and constructive feedback.

• Observational Learning: Watching peers succeed motivates students to engage in learning.

• Self-Regulation: Interactive methods teach students to set goals, monitor progress, and adapt their strategies, fostering independence and sustained motivation.

 Interactive teaching methods, rooted in constructivist and social cognitive theories, address the challenges of vocational education by fostering student-centered learning, critical thinking, and innovation. By integrating theoretical frameworks into practice, these methods prepare students for the demands of modern industries, bridging the gap between traditional education models and the needs of a rapidly developing economy.

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INTRODUCTION

Effective college leadership is a critical factor in the success of educational institutions. College heads play a pivotal role in shaping the college's culture and influencing the job satisfaction of mentors. The leadership style adopted by a head can have a significant impact on the overall work environment, which, in turn, affects the job satisfaction of mentors.

In the field of education, leadership styles can vary widely. Some heads adopt an autocratic approach, where they make decisions unilaterally, while others prefer a democratic style, involving mentors in the decision-making process. Transformational leaders inspire and motivate their staff, while transactional leaders use rewards and punishments to achieve compliance. Laissez-faire leaders give mentors considerable autonomy. Each of these leadership styles can impact mentors' job satisfaction differently.

Theoretical Framework

         The study is anchored on the Leadership style of college heads be it authoritative, democratic, facilitative, and situational, and founded on Herzberg's Theory of Job Satisfaction, often known as the Theory of Motivation. Frederick Herzberg conducted interviews with a group of employees in the late 1950s to investigate the elements that impacted their job satisfaction and discontent. He asked these people two important sets of questions:

1.     Consider a period when you were extremely enthusiastic about your profession. What was the source of that sentiment?

2.     Consider a period when you were unhappy with your employment. What were the contributing elements to those bad feelings?

By pursuing these inquiries, Herzberg hoped to find the fundamental factors that influence work satisfaction and discontent, so contributing to the development of his influential theory.

Based on the responses collected from the interview questions, Herzberg formulated his theory, which posits that there are two distinct dimensions of job satisfaction: motivation and hygiene. Herzberg argued that hygiene factors, while incapable of directly motivating employees, play a crucial role in minimizing dissatisfaction when managed effectively. These hygiene factors encompass elements such as company policies, supervision, salary, interpersonal relations, and working conditions. These factors primarily relate to the work environment and the conditions under which employees operate.

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Synopsis

1. Nature of Business

• Nature

Holy Cross Memorial Garden is a private cemetery that offers ground burial once its kind here in the Province of Biliran. The clients of the cemetery are often rich or with stable income since the burial fee and other miscellaneous are quite expensive compared to public cemetery. The cemetery is located in Brgy. Locsoon Naval, Biliran and is famous for its quiet and peaceful serene location. Today, they have become a gathering place for relatives and friends to visit their loved ones who is with our Lord Jesus right now while peacefully sitting on wide bermuda grass.

• Name

Holy Cross Memorial Garden

• Product/Services

The services and products that Holy Cross Memorial Garden are;

  •    Ground, Burial, Mausoleums and Partnership with funeral homes. They also offer exclusive maintenance for your loved ones on a regular basis.

2. Management, Marketing and Financial Highlights

• Management

The business is registered as a licensed private cemetery with professional and skilled workers to ensure that the process from inquiry to maintenance of your loved one’s grave are secured, well taken care of and most importantly, in good hands. The management also has a satellite office in Naval Biliran near Naval, Municipal Hall for clients to have easy access to the services of Holy Cross Memorial Garden.

• Marketing

The marketing strategy of Holy Cross Memorial Garden are simple and classic. They have flyers, journal, brochures offered to the clients once they visit the office. They also have social media account to post update on the recent news about Holy Cross Memorial Garden.

• Financial

The price of the Holy Cross Memorial Garden depends on the kind of burial the clients want. They have package deals where wake is included with accessories and the ride of the burial day. They also have ground burial which one of the most expensive types of burial offered by Holy Cross Memorial Garden. They also have mausoleums for added privacy and much more expensive compared to ground burial since it comes with a regular maintenance and cleaner who also serves as their caretaker.

3. Socio-Economic Contribution

The business will provide options for laying in for the last time of your loved ones. Giving them a decent and clean laying area will give respect to their memory and to give time also the family’s left behind to reminisce moments with their loved ones while visiting them as the surrounding is quietly inviting the visitors to pause a moment in their busy and loud life and just sit down while talking your hearts out to your loved ones.

DOI 10.5281/zenodo.14461115 

                                                                 Synopsis

A. Nature of Programme -

Nature: Scholarship program offering financial assistance and academic support.

Name: Vice President for Student and External Affairs - Scholarship Stipend

Product/Services: Scholarships to cover tuition and education resources coupled with mentoring programs for deserving students

B. Management, Marketing and Financial Highlights

         Administration

Coordinated by the VP for Student and External Affairs Office in conjunction with academic departments, external partners, and financial aid committees to ensure equity and transparency in the awarding of scholarships.

        Promotion

Through the use of campus announcements, social media outlets, outreach into communities, and liaison with educational institutions and organizations.

                     Financial

  Funding can come from institutional budgets, external sponsorships, and donations by stakeholders which will be oriented towards sustainability and maximal impact.

C. Socio-Economic Contribution

                       Programme

Enhancing education access, reducing financial barriers to higher education, and establishing a skilled and empowered workforce. The investments made toward student success enable this initiative to contribute to local and national development by building community ties and fostering social equity.

DOI 10.5281/zenodo.14461919 

SYNOPSIS

A.    Business Nature

Nature:

BnB Pharmacy is a welcoming and community-oriented pharmacy. They aim to deliver to the community at large much-needed healthcare products and services. Their mission is to offer a secure and trusted platform through which customers obtain their medications, health advice, and wellness products. Whether it's dispensing prescriptions or helping people understand their drugs, BnB Pharmacy makes quality care available in every contact.

Name:

BnB Pharmacy

Product/Services:

           BnB Pharmacy distributes prescription drugs, over-the-counter pharmaceuticals, and offers health consultations, along with such well-being products as vitamins, supplements, and medicines. But what makes BnB Pharmacy unique is its dedication to patient education; hence, customers not only receive the medication but are also informed how to use it properly and safely.

B.     Management, Marketing, and Financial Highlights

Management:

BnB Pharmacy runs through a competent team of pharmacists and pharmacy assistants who work in harmony with each other to produce smooth, efficient service. This team is trained on strict guidelines and SOPs with regard to medication safety and regulatory compliance and high standards of customer care. The owner pharmacist is active in the upkeep of licenses, permits, and general running of the pharmacy to ensure everything operates as it should.

Marketing:

The customer base of BnB Pharmacy thrives mainly through word-of-mouth and through active community involvement. With routine customer satisfaction surveys and feedback, the team identifies ways of improvement. Within the next plan, they are looking forward to enhancing their online presence, particularly in improving digital services such as prescription refills, and making it easier for customers to access their services online.

Financial:

The pharmacy is financially solid with a loyal customer base that keeps growing. Their focus on customer satisfaction, regulatory compliance, and operational efficiency assures steady business in the future. What will drive this business growth is increasing their product offering and enhancing online services.

C. Socio-Economic Contribution

Aside from the excellent health service, BnB Pharmacy also contributes to the local economy in different ways. Offering employment opportunities to pharmacy professionals such as pharmacists and assistants supports local economic activity. Furthermore, BnB Pharmacy contributes to improving public health through the availability of medications to the community, as well as accessible health advice. Being a fully licensed and compliant business, BnB Pharmacy contributes to both local and national tax revenues used to fund community services and infrastructure.

In conclusion, BnB Pharmacy stands out because of dedication to customer care, impeccable operations, and adherence to regulations. Customers have always been satisfied with the knowledge and professionalism of pharmacy staff, according to results of the audit. Among the areas for improvement are increasing product offerings, enhancing online services, and formalizing the feedback collection process for customers. By focusing on these areas, BnB Pharmacy can continue to strengthen its reputation as a trusted, customer-centered pharmacy in the community.

DOI 10.5281/zenodo.14462533 

SYNOPSIS

A.    Business Nature

Nature:

BnB Pharmacy is a welcoming and community-oriented pharmacy. They aim to deliver to the community at large much-needed healthcare products and services. Their mission is to offer a secure and trusted platform through which customers obtain their medications, health advice, and wellness products. Whether it's dispensing prescriptions or helping people understand their drugs, BnB Pharmacy makes quality care available in every contact.

Name:

BnB Pharmacy

Product/Services:

           BnB Pharmacy distributes prescription drugs, over-the-counter pharmaceuticals, and offers health consultations, along with such well-being products as vitamins, supplements, and medicines. But what makes BnB Pharmacy unique is its dedication to patient education; hence, customers not only receive the medication but are also informed how to use it properly and safely.

B.     Management, Marketing, and Financial Highlights

Management:

BnB Pharmacy runs through a competent team of pharmacists and pharmacy assistants who work in harmony with each other to produce smooth, efficient service. This team is trained on strict guidelines and SOPs with regard to medication safety and regulatory compliance and high standards of customer care. The owner pharmacist is active in the upkeep of licenses, permits, and general running of the pharmacy to ensure everything operates as it should.

Marketing:

The customer base of BnB Pharmacy thrives mainly through word-of-mouth and through active community involvement. With routine customer satisfaction surveys and feedback, the team identifies ways of improvement. Within the next plan, they are looking forward to enhancing their online presence, particularly in improving digital services such as prescription refills, and making it easier for customers to access their services online.

Financial:

The pharmacy is financially solid with a loyal customer base that keeps growing. Their focus on customer satisfaction, regulatory compliance, and operational efficiency assures steady business in the future. What will drive this business growth is increasing their product offering and enhancing online services.

C. Socio-Economic Contribution

Aside from the excellent health service, BnB Pharmacy also contributes to the local economy in different ways. Offering employment opportunities to pharmacy professionals such as pharmacists and assistants supports local economic activity. Furthermore, BnB Pharmacy contributes to improving public health through the availability of medications to the community, as well as accessible health advice. Being a fully licensed and compliant business, BnB Pharmacy contributes to both local and national tax revenues used to fund community services and infrastructure.

In conclusion, BnB Pharmacy stands out because of dedication to customer care, impeccable operations, and adherence to regulations. Customers have always been satisfied with the knowledge and professionalism of pharmacy staff, according to results of the audit. Among the areas for improvement are increasing product offerings, enhancing online services, and formalizing the feedback collection process for customers. By focusing on these areas, BnB Pharmacy can continue to strengthen its reputation as a trusted, customer-centered pharmacy in the community.

DOI 10.5281/zenodo.14462533 

ABSTRACT:

This research examines the evolution of project management tools used by electric cooperatives (ECs) in the Philippines for processing electricity connections. It analyzes the transition from manual processes to advanced software solutions, focusing on the impact on efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and customer satisfaction. The research employs a mixed-methods approach, combining historical analysis, case studies, and interviews with EC officials and stakeholders. The findings reveal key challenges and opportunities associated with technology adoption, highlighting the need for tailored solutions and capacity building initiatives to ensure successful implementation and long-term sustainability.

1 PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND:

1.1 Background of the Study

The Philippines faces a significant challenge in providing reliable and affordable electricity access to its Member-Consumer-Owners (MCOs). Electric Cooperatives (ECs), as the primary providers of electricity in rural areas, play a crucial role in achieving this goal. However, the process of connecting new MCOs can be cumbersome and often struggle with inefficiencies in their operations, particularly in the process of connecting new customers due to reliance on old methods. This traditional manual methods for managing electricity connections are time-consuming, prone to errors, lack of transparency, that may lead to customer dissatisfaction and delays in electrification efforts.

This research explores the evolution of project management tools used by ECs in the Philippines for processing electricity connections. It investigates the transition from manual processes to advanced software solutions, analyzing the impact on efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and customer satisfaction. By understanding the challenges and opportunities associated with technology adoption, this research proposal aims to provide valuable insights for ECs and policymakers seeking to improve electricity access and enhance the overall efficiency of the Philippine energy sector.

1.2 Objectives of the Study

This research project seeks to achieve the following objectives:

1. Trace the historical development of project management tools used by ECs: This includes examining the evolution from traditional manual methods, such as paper-based forms and spreadsheets, to modern software solutions like customer relationship management (CRM) systems and online application portals.

2. Analyze the impact of technology adoption on the efficiency and effectiveness of member-consumer application processing: The research will investigate how software solutions have streamlined processes, reduced errors, and improved communication and transparency in the application process.

3. Identify the challenges and opportunities associated with the implementation of advanced project management tools in ECs: The research will explore factors such as infrastructure limitations, staff training, and organizational culture that influence the successful adoption of technology.

4. Develop recommendations for ECs and policymakers to facilitate the effective adoption and utilization of advanced project management tools: The research will propose strategies to overcome challenges and maximize the benefits of technology adoption in the electricity connection process.

1.3 Literature Review

The literature on project management tools in the context of electricity connection processes is limited, particularly in the Philippines. However, research on technology adoption in developing countries suggests that:

1. Technology can significantly improve efficiency and effectiveness: Studies have shown that software solutions can automate tasks, reduce errors, and improve data management in various sectors, including energy.

2. Challenges exist in technology adoption: Factors such as limited access to technology, lack of training, and resistance to change can hinder the successful implementation of software solutions.

3. Tailored solutions are crucial: The effectiveness of technology adoption depends on the specific needs and context of the organization.

1.4 Significance of the Study

This research is significant for several reasons:

1. Provides valuable insights for ECs: The research will offer practical guidance for ECs seeking to improve their operations and enhance customer satisfaction through the adoption of advanced project management tools.

2. Contributes to the advancement of the Philippine energy sector: The research findings will contribute to the body of knowledge on technology adoption in the energy sector, particularly in the context of rural electrification.

3. Facilitates the development of tailored solutions: The research will identify the specific needs and challenges of ECs in the Philippines, informing the development of targeted software solutions that address their unique requirements.

2 METHODOLOGY:

2.1 Research Design

This study adopts a mixed-methods research design, combining quantitative and qualitative data collection and analysis techniques. This approach allows for a comprehensive understanding of the Evolution of Project Management Tools in Processing MCO’s Applications for Electricity Connection in Philippine Electric Cooperatives (ECs). The following methods will be used:

• Resources Review: A comprehensive review of existing sources on project management, technology adoption in the energy sector, and the specific context of ECs in the Philippines will be conducted.

• Historical Analysis: A review of historical documents, reports, and articles will be conducted to trace the evolution of project management tools used by ECs.

• Case Studies: Case studies of ECs that have successfully implemented advanced software solutions for processing member-consumer applications will be analyzed to understand their implementation strategies, challenges faced, and outcomes achieved.

• Surveys and Interviews: Surveys will be conducted among EC officials, staff, and MCOs to gather data on their experiences with different project management tools, and their perceptions of their effectiveness. Interviews with key informants, such as EC managers, and member-consumer representatives, will provide further qualitative data.

• Data Analysis: The collected data will be analyzed using statistical methods and qualitative thematic analysis to identify patterns, trends, and insights.

2.2 Expected Outcomes

This research project is expected to yield the following valuable outcomes:

• A comprehensive understanding of the evolution of project management tools in ECs: The research will provide a historical overview of the field, highlighting key milestones and drivers of change.

• In-depth insights into the impact of technology on member-consumer application processing: This will identify the benefits and challenges of using software solutions for managing applications, including improved efficiency and reduced processing time.

• Practical recommendations for ECs to leverage technology for improved customer service and operational efficiency: This will offer insights into how software tools can be effectively implemented to streamline processes, enhance communication, and improve the overall experience for member-consumers.

• A roadmap for future development in project management tools for ECs: The research will identify emerging trends and technologies, providing valuable insights for future research and development in the field.

.2.3 Research Instrument

1. Survey Questionnaire: Likert-scale items to assess the respondent's perceptions on tools, standardization, and training.

2. Interview Guide: Open-ended questions to gather detailed feedback on organizational practices.

2.4 Data Collection Procedure

Data were collected through:

1. Field and Online surveys and interviews

2. Recorded virtual interviews conducted via Zoom, with participant consent.

2.5 Project Timeline

The research project will be conducted over a period of 1 year with the following timeline:

1. Phase 1 (Months 1-3): Literature review and identification of case studies.

2. Phase 2 (Months 4-6): Data collection through surveys, interviews, and case study analysis.

3. Phase 3 (Months 7-9): Data analysis and interpretation.

4. Phase 4 (Months 10-12): Report writing and dissemination of research findings.

3 Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations

3.1 Summary

Philippine Electric Cooperatives (ECs) have undergone a significant evolution in their approach to processing member-consumer-owner applications for electricity connection. Early methods were largely manual and paper-based, leading to inefficiencies and delays. The introduction of technology, starting with basic software tools, marked a shift towards greater efficiency and automation.

The adoption of project management tools has brought numerous benefits to ECs, including:

• Efficiency: Faster processing times, reduced backlogs, and optimized resource allocation.

• Transparency: Improved communication and collaboration between ECs, members, and consumers, leading to greater clarity and accountability.

• Customer Satisfaction: Enhanced customer experience through streamlined processes and improved communication.

Despite the benefits, challenges remain, including:

• Data Security and Privacy: Ensuring the secure handling of sensitive customer data.

• Integration: Seamlessly integrating project management tools with existing systems within ECs.

• Training and Support: Equipping staff with the necessary skills and knowledge to effectively utilize the tools.

3.2 Conclusions

1. Transformation: The evolution of project management tools has been a transformative force for Philippine ECs, significantly improving the efficiency and effectiveness of application processing.

2. Continued Importance: Project management tools are no longer optional but essential for ECs to remain competitive and meet the growing demands of their members.

3. Best Practices: Successful implementations highlight the importance of careful tool selection, comprehensive training, and a commitment to continuous improvement.

3.3 Recommendations

1. Strategic Tool Selection: ECs should carefully evaluate their needs and resources before selecting project management tools, considering factors like functionality, cost, and ease of use.

2. Effective Implementation: Implementation should be well-planned, with a focus on user training, data migration, and integration with existing systems.

3. Ongoing Evaluation: ECs should continuously monitor and evaluate the performance of their project management tools, identifying areas for improvement and adapting to new technologies.

4. Industry Collaboration: Collaboration between ECs, technology providers, and industry experts can foster knowledge sharing and best practice adoption.

References

Rogers, D. (2016). Digital Transformation: A Practical Guide for Business Leaders

Buttle, F. (2019). Customer Relationship Management: Concepts and Tools

Smith, J. (2021). Digital Transformation in Documentation: Challenges and Solutions. Journal of Engineering Management

Valderrama, H. & Bautista, C. (2011). Efficiency Analysis of Electric Cooperatives in the Philippines. Philippine Management Review 2011, Vol. 19, 1‐10.

Jennylyn Frances E Dugasan & Jennifer Jane S Napallatan & Fei Dhania V Nip & Ronaldo R Cabauatan (2022). A Study on the Impact of Rural Electrification. Asian Online Journal Publishing Group, vol. 9(1), pages 18-24.

Isidro Antonio V. Marfori III, Alvin B. Culaba and Aristotle T. Ubando (2011). Empowering Rural Electrification in the Philippines: A Case Study. Journal of the British Academy, Vol. 33, 1‐20.

DOI 1 10.5281/zenodo.14498931 

ABSTRACT:

senior high school teachers, focusing on their classroom lived experiences. It aimed to explore the development their research teaching competencies, identify challenges they faced, examine coping mechanisms, and implicate the findings of the study to educational management. The phenomenological approach was employed to gather in-depth insights from senior high school research teachers. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using thematic analysis to identify key themes and subthemes related to research objectives. The findings revealed that teachers developed their research teaching competencies through continuous holistic growth and adaptive expertise, driven by self-directed learning and capability building. Significant challenges were identified, including, absence of a research culture, mentorship deficiencies, and limited administrative support. Teachers coped with these challenges through a combination of self-reliance and support from colleagues, demonstrating resilient adaptability, lifelong learning, and integrative competence. The study underscores the need for enhanced professional development, structured mentorship, stronger administrative support, and policy and curriculum development to foster a conducive environment for research education, addressing the challenges faced by research teachers and enhancing the quality of research teaching in senior high schools.

Keywords: research teaching competencies, senior high school, phenomenology, educational management

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ABSTRACT

Efficient waste management is a pressing concern, especially in urban areas and institutions, where increasing waste generation necessitates innovative solutions. This study developed an optimized waste management collection system using Dijkstra's Algorithm for route optimization. The system comprised three main components: a Smart Bin Device equipped with ultrasonic sensors for waste level monitoring, a LoRaWAN Gateway for wireless data transmission, and a Web Monitoring Application for real-time monitoring and optimized route visualization. The development process followed a modified iterative model, encompassing planning, analysis, design, development, testing, and evaluation phases.

The system was tested for sensor accuracy, algorithm output accuracy, and signal strength. Results showed an overall sensor accuracy rate of 93.33%, though some bins required calibration to reduce error rates. The routing algorithm demonstrated high efficiency, with an average error rate of 1.83% in determining optimal paths. However, signal strength tests revealed limitations in coverage, with only 57.14% of designated areas receiving consistent signals from the gateway.

Evaluation based on ISO/IEC 25010 standards indicated strong user acceptability, with scores for functionality (4.61), accuracy (4.38), efficiency (4.46), reliability (4.08), and maintainability (4.50). These results affirmed the system's effectiveness in enhancing waste collection processes. The study concludes that the system offers a practical and scalable solution for waste management, though improvements in signal coverage, sensor calibration, and scalability are recommended for future iterations. This research provides valuable insights into applying IoT and algorithmic optimization in sustainable waste management practices.

Keywords: Waste Management, Dijkstra's Algorithm, Route Optimization, Smart Bin, LoRaWAN, Web Monitoring Application, Sensor Accuracy, Signal Strength, Sustainable Waste Collection, IoT in Waste Management

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Abstract

Layunin ng pag-aaral na ito na makita at masuri ang antas ng kasanayan sa pag-unawa ng mga mag-aaral dahil makatutulong ito sa mga guro upang makita ang kung ano ang dapat maibigay na estratehiya sa bawat mag-aaral. Layunin ng pananaliksik na ito na matukoy kung ano ang antas ng kasanayan ng mga mag-aaral sa baitang walo. Nais ng mananaliksik na malaman kung ano ang estado ng pag-unawa ng mga mag-aaral lalo na sa paaralan kung saan ginanap ang pananaliksik na ito.  Nakita ng mananaliksik na ang mag-aaral sa Our Lady of the Sacred Heart College of Guimba ay may iba’t ibang kalakasan at kahinaan sa kasanayang pag-unawa. Natuklasan ng mananaliksik na sa pagkuha ng tiyak na delatye ay may mga mag-aaral na mahusay sa padating sa ganitong aspekto. Kinakitaan ang mga mag-aaral ng kaunlaran sa lohikal na hinuha at nagkaroon ng kahirapan sa pag-unawa ng mga tiyak na detalye. Sa bahagi naman ng pagbubuod ay kinakailangan ng suporta ng guro upang mas mapalawak ang pagkakaunawa ng mga mag-aaral sa pagpapahayag ng kanilang malinaw na ideya. Sa kabuoan mayroong interbensyong plano upang maisakaturapan ang ganap na pag-unawa ng mga mag-aaaral sa teksto.

INTRODUKSYON

Ang pag-unawa ay malaking gampanin sa buhay ng isang mag-aaral upang makatugon, makapangatwiran at makapagbigay ng kanilang opinyon.  Kinakailangan ng isang maatas na kasanayan sa pag-unawa upang maintindihan at maikintal sa kaisipan ang nais ipabatid ng may akda sa anumang kuwentong kanilang babasahin. Lubos na kagigiliwan ang taong may malalim at mataas na pagkaunawa dahil siya’y lubos na nakasasabay sa nais ipabatid ng awtor. Nais ng mananaliksik na matukoy ang antas ng pag-unawa ng mga mag-aaral upang matugunan ng sapat na kaalaman kung saang bahagi sila ng pag-unawa nahihirapan.

Ang Likas Kayang Pag-unlad (Sustainble Developments Goals) ay itinatag ng United Nations para sa labimpitong layunin. Nais ng programang itong makamit na dapat walang batang Filipino ang maiwan at mapagkaitan ng karapatan at kaalaman. Nais nitong tutukan ang kumplikadong isyu para sa ikagaganda ng buhay ng bawat Pilipino.  Nahati ang layunin ng Sustainable Development Goals na ito sa tatlo: Sosyal, Kapaligiran, at pang-ekonomiya.

Ang mga hamon sa pagkatuto ay nagbibigay ng pagkakataon sa mga guro na mas makilala ng guro ang kanyang mga mag-aaral, hindi lamang sa kanilang akademikong kakayahan, kundi pati na rin sa kanilang mga personal na karanasan at pangangailangan. Ang pagkakaroon ng mas malalim na koneksyon ay maaaring makatulong sa guro na mas maging epektibo sa pagtuturo. Ang pakikisalamuha sa mga mag-aaral at maging kampante sa loob ng lahat ng guro ay isang malaking tulong upang mabilis na malaman ang antas ng mga mag-aaral.

METODOLOHIYA

         Ang ginamit na pamamaraan ng mananaliksik sa pag-aaral na ito ay palarawang pananaliksik (Descriptive Design) na kung saan ang pag-aaral ay naglalayong maitumpak at maiangkop sa masistematikong paglalarawan ang isang populasyon, sitwasyon, o phenomenon. Sinagot nito ang mga tanong na ano, saan, kailan, at paano, ngunit hindi ang bakit. Ang isang deskriptibong disenyo ng pananaliksik ay maaaring gumamit ng malawak na iba't ibang paraan ng pananaliksik upang siyasatin ang isa o higit pang mga variable. Hindi tulad sa eksperimental na pananaliksik, hindi kinokontrol o mamanipulahin ng mananaliksik ang alinman sa mga variable, ngunit inoobserbahan at sinusukat lamang ang mga ito (Mccombes, 2019).

Sa pagsasagawa ng pag-aaral na ito, natukoy ng mananaliksik ang kasanayan sa pag-unawa ng mga mga-aaral tungo sa pagbuo ng planong Likas Kayang Pag-unlad (Sustainable Development Plan). Ang planong ito ay naglalayong maging gabay ng mga guro sa Filipino upang mabilis na maisakatuparan ang mga hinihinging layunin ng SDGs. Ang likas kayang plano ito ay kakikitaan ng mga gawain at estratehiyang magagamit ng mga guro, mananaliksik at iba pang kasapi ng akademya.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Upang mailarawan ang mga mag-aaral sa kanilang kasanayan sa pag-unawa, ang mananaliksik ay nagpabasa ng isang maikling kwento na may pamagat na “Saranggola” ni Efren Abueg. Matapos mabasa ang kwento ng mga mag-aaral, nagkaroon ng pagsasanay ang mga kalahok.

Ang resulta ng talahanayan na ito ay nagpapakita ng iskor ng mga mag-aaral na 14.70, na tumutugma sa 70.35% ng kabuoang iskor na 20. Batay sa antas ng pag-unawa ng mga mag-aaral ang nakuha ng iskor ay nasa antas "Mahusay." Na nangangahulugan na ang mga mag-aaral sa pagkuha ng tiyak na detalye ay nangangailangan pa ng pagpapalakas sa pagkuha ng pangunahin at tiyak na detalye.

Sa kategoryang ito na may antas na "Mahusay" na resulta mula sa sagot ng mga mag-aaral ay nagpakita ng kakaunting kaalaman o kasanayan sa tiyak na larangan ang mga kalahok. Sa konteksto ng resultang ito, tumutukoy lamang na may kakulangan ang mga mag-aaral sa pagkuha ng mga tiyak na detalye sa isang teksto.

Isa sa mga posibleng dahilan kung bakit may ganitong kakulangan ay ang kakulangan ng praktika o pagsasanay. Ayon kay Bangert-Drowns, Kulik, Kulik, & Morgan (2016), ang kahalagahan ng pagsasanay sa pag-aaral ay hindi maikakaila. Nagiging bihasa at nakikita ang kahusayan ng mga mag-aaral kapag lagi silang natuto at lumalalim ang kanilang pag-unawa sa pamamagitan ng iba’t ibang paraan ng pagsasanay. Sa kanilang pag-aaral, ipinakita nila na ang regular na pagsasanay ay may positibong epekto sa performans ng mga mag-aaral. Tumitimo sa isipan ng isang mag-aaral ang pagkatuto kung laging nakapag-iensayo.

Ang resulta naman ng kahinaan at kalakasan ng mga mag-aaral sa paghula o pagbuo ng palagay ay nagpapakita ng iskor ng mga mag-aaral na 14.63, na katumbas ng 73.15% ng kabuuang iskor na 20. Batay sa interpretasyon ng resulta, ito ay nasa antas na "mahusay." Nangangahulugan lamang na ang mga mag-aaral sa pagkuha ng palagay sa binasang teksto ay nangangailangan pa ng pagpapalakas at pagpapaunlad sa kasanayang pag-unawa.

Samantala, ang resulta sa pagbubuod ay nagpapakita ng iskor na 13.38, na katumbas ng 66.9 % ng kabuuang iskor na 20. Batay sa antas na "mahusay" nagpapahiwatig na ang performans ng mga mag-aaral sa pagbubuod ng binasang teksto ay pumasa sa inaasahang antas o istandard.

“Nakauunawa” naman ang naging interpretasyon nito dahil nakatugon sa pagkamit ng layunin ng pag-aaral mula sa pagsusulit. Sa katunayan, ang baryabol na “Anong mahalagang aral ang itinuro ng ama sa anak tungkol sa pagpapalipad ng saranggola” ay may bahagdang 81.25% na may antas na “napakahusay” dahil lubos nilang itong naunawaan at naintidihan ang aral na itinuro ng ama sa anak.

KONKLUSYON

Ang mga mag-aaral ay nagpakita ng iba't ibang antas ng kalakasan at kahinaan sa mga kasanayang pag-unawa. Sa pagkuha ng pangunahing at tiyak na detalye, may ilang mag-aaral na mahusay sa pagtukoy ng mga pangunahing ideya ngunit nagkaroon ng kahirapan sa pag-unawa ng mga tiyak na detalye. Sa paghula o pagbuo ng palagay, kinakitaan ng pag-unlad ang mga mag-aaral sa pagbibigay ng lohikal na hinuha, subalit may mga pagkakataon na nagiging limitado ang kanilang pag-unawa dahil sa kakulangan ng kaalaman sa konteksto. Napatunayan ng pag-aaral ang kahalagahan ng isang panukalang nakatuon sa Sustatinable Development Goal Number 4, na nakatuon sa pagpapabuti ng kasanayang pag-unawa ng mga mag-aaral. Ang nasabing plano ay idinisenyo batay sa mga natukoy na kalakasan at kahinaan, na nagbibigay ng direksyon sa mga guro upang magamit ang tamang estratehiya at kagamitan na tutugon sa mga partikular na pangangailangan ng mga mag-aaral.

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De Guzman, A. B. (2019). Kagamitang Araling Pangwika sa Iba't Ibang Estilo ng Pagkatuto ng mga Mag-aaral: Implikasyon sa Pagsasagawa ng Filipino 8. Manila Journal of Language Studies, 2(1), 32-43.

Delgado, R. M., & Reyes, L. P. (2018). Estilong Pagkatuto ng mga Mag-aaral at Tagumpay sa Pag-aaral: Isang Pag-aaral sa Filipino 8. Journal of Philippine Education Research, 2(1), 56-68.

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DOI 10.5281/zenodo.14523363 

It's my heart wanting you near

But temptation I always fear

Friendship bond in us I don't wanna tear

Even if you're near, we're too apart I feel!

Mem'ries I can't resist, hard to bury deeper

Funny it is I chose from you to disappear

But the heart tickles, reminding 'bout you dear

Moon shines, hopin' our eyes meet up there!

Simple gestures bring great thrill

Tryin' to hide it, my cheeks feel grilled

My mouth denied yet my eyes revealed

Those feelings I can resist but feel!

Great Love as they say

If t'was love, why blown away?

Is it the time & love didn't meet halfway

Or simply weren't meant to be?

If I could only change my brain's nerves, I will

I might have chosen those threads of memories erased,

If the aorta of this heart that beats faster when you're seen, replaced

I might have chosen it with steel!

DOI 10.5281/zenodo.14556741 

May lilingon pa sa tulad mong minsan nang naging

Kaibigan ngunit nilisan sapagkat tunay at too ka kung magsalita

At walang kinikilingan? Gaan oba kahalaga ang pagmamahal

Sa sarili at sa pagiging makatotohanan?

Katanungang minsa’y sumagi sa isipan. Nakapagtataka

Kasi minsan… kung sino pa ang sinungaling ay siya pa

Ang pininuri! At king sino pa ‘yong mga totoong tao

At prangka magsalita, sila pang sentro ng panghuhusga.

Saksi ang manunulat na ito sa di balanseng

pagtingin ng iilang tao sa kapwa-tao. Madalas binabato

kung ano-ano para bang di nila alam na siya

rin ay tao- may isig, damdamin at puso. Walang

pakundangang pagsasalitaan nang kung ano-ano hanggang

masaktan ‘tong taong ito. Masaya na kaya sila doon?

Ngunit kapag ang makatang ito ay sumagot

At magsalita nang taliwas sa kanilang ninanais,

Abot langit kanilang panghuhusga, sobra ang

kanilang inis. Di ba nila alam na ipinakita

lamang ng makata ang ginawa nila? Salamin ba,

kumbaga! Sila na ngayon ang parang biktima?

Kaya naniniwala sa Golden Rule ni Confucius,

“Huwag gawin sa iba ang ayaw mong gawin ng iba sa’yo!”

Sapagkat ang sakit kaya kung ang kasamaang ginawa mo ay siya ring gawin sa’yo!

Kaya gumawa tayo ng kabutihan kahit

Ayaw ng iilan. Maging totoo tayo kahit

Iilan sa kanila ay walang ginawa kundi

Ang pagbabalatkayo. Mag-iwan tayo ng tatak

Ng kabutihan dahil kapag Mabuti kang

Tao sa sanlibutan, saan ka man mapadpad,

Sayo’y may tutulong at di ka iiwan.

Mahalin ang sarili at ipakita sa kanila

Kung gaano mo pinapahalagahan ito at

Nang sundin nila ang tama at pagiging totoo.

Sa tanong kung gaano kahalaga ang sarili?

Mahalagang-mahalaga sapagkat kung darating

Ang araw na walang maniniwala sa’yo, sarili

Mo lang talaga ang kakampi mo! Tama ako.

Kung ang pagiging totoo ang pagiging taliwas

Sa nakasayan, ipaglaban! Balang araw,

maiintidihan nila ang lahat ngunit ikaw

ay payapang nagpapatuloy na sa pinaniniwalaan.

Patuloy sa kabutihan, katotohanan at

Maayos na pakikipagkapwa! Wag matakot maiwan

Sa nakasayanan. Ipinanganak kang mag-isa

Kaya sanayang mag-isa kang lumban, tagumpay

Ay makamtam at ang buong kaligayahan.

Sa panahong iyan, lahat nang nang-iwan

Ay magsisibalikan kaya lang, alam mo na kung

Sino sa kanila ang mapagkatiwalaan.
Laban sa katotohanan at pagtagumpayan.

DOI 10.5281/zenodo.14556745

Sa pananaliksik na ito,  sinuri ang mga nakalap na mga palipat-dilang kuwentong kababalaghan ng mga taga-Burgos, Cortes, Surigao del Sur upang matukoy ang kanilang mga paniniwala na masasalamin sa nasabing uri ng kuwento at mabatid kung paano nila ito pinapahalagahan bilang bahagi ng kanilang kultura. Ang paniniwala ay paliwanag ng mga tao hinggil sa mga pangyayaring nagaganap sa kanyang paligid o kung saan nagmula ang isang bagay o kung bakit nagkaganoon ang isang partikular na bagay. Ang layunin ay maipakilala ang makulay na kulturang tinataglay ng mga taga-Burgos sa pamamagitan ng kanilang mga palipat-dilang kuwentong kababalaghan.

Ginamit ang kwalitatibong pag-aaral sa pamaraang palawaran sa mga palipat-dilang kuwentong kababalaghan ng mga piling residente. Pawang mga taga-Burgos, Cortes, Surigao del Sur ang mga naging impormante sa isinagawang pananaliksik. Sa pamamagitan ng pakikipanayam ay kinalap ang mga palipat-dilang kuwentong kababalaghan at mula rito ay sinuri ang mga paniniwalang napapaloob sa bawat kuwento upang maiugnay ito sa pamumuhay ng mga taga-Burgos, Cortes, Surigao del Sur.

Matapos ang isinagawang pagsusuri ng mananaliksik sa mga nakalap na mga palipat-dilang kuwentong kababalaghan ng mga taga-Burgos, Cortes, Surigao del Sur natuklasan na sila ay may mga paniniwala hinggil sa mahiwagang bukal na matatagpuan sa kanilang lugar na kung tawagin nila ay “ubong”. Kabilang sa mga paniniwala nila rito na ito raw ay isang palasyo kung saan naninirahan ang mga engkanto, nagpapakita rin raw rito ang mga engkanto tuwing Biyernes kung kaya iniiwasan nila na mag-ingay o maligo sa ubong sa araw na iyon. Naniniwala rin sila na ang mga kakatwang mga nilalang na nakikita nila rito tulad ng malaking pugita at maputing unggoy ay mga alaga ng engkanto na dapat bigyan ng respeto, at kakaiba rin raw ang laki ng mga hayop o isda na matatagpuan sa ubong. May mga paniniwala rin sila sa mga katangian at di-gusto ng mga dili ingon nato o engkanto, ito ay ang: nanggagaya ito ng itsura at pangalan ng tao, tinutukso ng pera o bulawan ang mga taong nagugustuhan, may ugaling itago ang mga taong nagugustuhan na kung tawagin nila ay “gihanipan”, ayaw nila ng nag-iingay tuwing tanghaling tapat at tuwing alas 6 ng gabi, nanago at nangunguha ng mga gamit ng tao, at nagpapakita upang magbigay ng babala sa mga tao.

Sa kabuuan, masasabi na ang mga pasaling-dilang kuwentong kababalaghan ay hindi lamang kuwentong tumatakot sa mga naninirahan sa lugar kundi kuwentong may dalang repleksyon (aral mula sa karanasan, pag-iingat at pagkontrol sa damdamin). Ang pamumuhay ng mga residente ay apektado ng mga kuwentong kababalaghan sapagkat nakabuo sila ng mga kautusang dapat sundin o hindi dapat sundin para sa pakikipapag-ugnayan sa mga mitolohikal na nilalang. Ang pananaliksik na ito ay nagpapatunay lamang na ang mga mitolohikal na nilalang ay nananatiling pinaniniwalaan ng mga residente ng Burgos, Cortes, Surigao del Sur na naging bahagi na ng kanilang pang-araw-araw na buhay.

Sanggunian:

A.             Mga Aklat

Hufana, Nerissa L. (1951). Wika, Kultura at Lipunang Pilipino. MSU Institute of Technology: Departmento ng Filipino at Iba pang Wika. Kolehiyo ng mga Sining Agham Panlipunan.

Hufana, Nerissa L. et.,al. (2018). Wika at kultura sa Mapayapang Lipunan. 105 Engineering Road, Araneta, University Village, Potrero, Malabon City: Mutya Publishing House, Inc.

Palispis, Epitacio S. (2007). Introduction of Sociology and Anthropology. Manila Phil: Rex Book Store, Inc.

Panopio, Isabel & Rolda, Realidad S. (1992). Sosyolohiya at Antropolohiya. Quezon City: Katha Publisher.

Panopio, Isabel S. et.,al. (1984). General Sociology: Focus on the Philippines. Quezon City: Published and Distributed in the Philippines, Inc.

B. Mga Tesis

Balase, Marjorie (2015), “Mga Paniniwala at Ritwal ng Kasal ng Subanen sa Lapuyan, Zamboanga del Sur”. Mindanao State University, Marawi City.

Benito, Merhana M. (2017). “Pamahiin ng mga Maguindanaon sa Labangan, Zamboanga Del Sur: Epekto sa Pamumuhay”. Mindanao State University, Marawi City.

Macud, Entisar (2008). “Mga Paniniwalang Pinoy sa mga Piling Kwentong Katatakutan”. Mindanao State University, Marawi City.

Mustapha, Anida S. (2018). “Konsepto ng Takot sa mga Salaysaying Meranaw Hinggil sa Kababalaghan”. Mindanao State University, Iligan Institute and Technology.

DOI 10.5281/zenodo.14557070 

An Action Research Funded by Basic Education Research Fund (BERF)

Abstract

Misinformation and disinformation have been critical issues in the digital world. This is the case across all domains, including education. "Project I-Check" attempts to investigate how measures against misinformation and disinformation can be integrated into strategy and material for teaching digital writing among Senior High School Humanities and Social Sciences (HUMSS) students at Luis Palad Integrated High School. Grounded on the need to enhance students' deficiencies in academic writing, this action research aims to contribute to the enhancement of students' conceptual understanding of fact-checking and digital literacy. The present study adopted a pretest-posttest design in analyzing the impact of localized and contextualized learning material on student ability to identify false and misleading data. Findings revealed increased posttest scores, thus vouchsafing effectiveness in fostering critical evaluation skills. More than that, these findings speak of the urgency in embedding digital literacy and fact-checking techniques within the curriculum towards credible information. The implication reaches out to the teacher, curriculum developers, and the policymakers regarding creating pedagogical practice toward the need of a digitalized society. It also offers a structure to be able to incorporate these skills into digital writing lessons: providing greater scope for broader research potential for students to become better equipped in navigating and producing information-driven societies. Further studies on this intervention across disciplines and at various educational levels are recommended in order to build further potential towards combating misinformation and improving literacy competencies.

Keywords: misinformation, disinformation, digital writing

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ABSTRACT

This study aimed to analyze and enhance the productivity of a metal manufacturing company by addressing inefficiencies in its production process. Four primary root causes were identified: unorganized working stations, limited machines and equipment, a restricted workforce, and poor time management. These factors significantly hindered productivity, leading to prolonged production cycle times, high operational costs, and reduced output. To resolve these issues, four key solutions were proposed: layout reorganization, acquisition of modern equipment, the establishment of stringent manufacturing rules and regulations (MRR), and workforce optimization. The interventions reduced the production cycle time from 2.0417 hours to 1.0209 hours, representing a 50% improvement. Line efficiency increased from 29% to 43%, and daily production output doubled from 30 to 60 units, generating an additional weekly revenue of PHP 504,000.00. The cost-benefit analysis confirmed the economic viability of the recommendations, with a cost-benefit ratio of 61.49, highlighting significant financial advantages. Layout reorganization and equipment acquisition, with a combined cost of PHP 42,504.00, were identified as critical priorities. Meanwhile, implementing MRR and optimizing the workforce improved operational discipline, balanced workloads, and supported sustainable productivity growth. This study concludes that the proposed solutions effectively mitigate inefficiencies, enhance productivity, and ensure long-term competitiveness. The findings provide a practical framework for addressing similar challenges in the metal manufacturing industry and suggest opportunities for future research in advanced technologies, quality control, and employee well-being to sustain operational excellence.

Keywords: Metal manufacturing, productivity improvement, layout optimization, cost-benefit analysis, line efficiency, modern equipment, workforce optimization, manufacturing rules and regulations (MRR)

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ABSTRACT:

This study investigates the use of the 5S methodology to handle inventory tracking and delivery delays in an eco-friendly packaging business in Marilao, Bulacan. The study used the Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) approach to execute the 5S principles—Sort, Set in Order, Shine, Standardize, and Sustain—to increase operational efficiency and eliminate inventory management errors. The results revealed considerable improvements in stock organization and order fulfillment times, but the problems of maintaining the adjustments underscored the importance of leadership commitment and complete staff training.

KEYWORDS: 5S METHODOLOGY, PDCA, DELIVERY DELAYS, INVENTORY TRACKING, EFFICIENCY

INTRODUCTION

An eco-friendly packaging company in Marilao, Bulacan, was founded during the challenging COVID-19 pandemic. The company specializes in high-quality packaging and stationery materials, supplying sustainable kraft products that meet the needs of individuals, small businesses, and major corporations. Its comprehensive product portfolio meets a wide range of packaging needs, and its long-term goal is to become the leading provider of sustainable kraft and packaging materials in the Philippines.

To accomplish this ambitious goal, the organization understands the need to implement strategies that improve operational efficiency, broaden consumer reach, and maintain high-quality product delivery. One such technique under discussion is the implementation of the 5S system, a worldwide methodology that originated in Japan. The 5S system (Sort, Set in Order, Shine, Standardize, and Sustain) is intended to improve workplace organization and cleanliness, ultimately increasing safety, productivity, and efficiency.

According to Gapp et al. (2008), organizations that use 5S techniques often see increased operational efficiency, higher staff morale, and less waste. Furthermore, the approach has been found to have a favorable impact on corporate culture, encouraging an attitude of continuous improvement and collaboration (Hirano, 1996). Despite these potential benefits, many small businesses have implementation challenges such as resistance to change, a lack of training, and insufficient managerial support (Sarkar, 2020).

This research explores the company's experience implementing 5S, the difficulties it faced, the effects of those difficulties, and the important lessons it discovered. By using the Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) cycle as a framework for continuous improvement, the study hopes to provide actionable advice for overcoming challenges and achieving operational excellence. This strategy aims to demonstrate how 5S and PDCA work together to address delivery delays, eventually promoting businesses' stability and success.

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INTRODUCTION

Curriculum change and development play a crucial role in shaping the educational landscape of any country. The evolution of the curriculum has been a subject of continuous deliberation and reform. Curriculum change and development are ongoing processes in education systems worldwide. Various factors, such as societal needs, technological advancements, and pedagogical research, influence the evolution of curricula across different countries. The United States has experienced significant curriculum changes, driven by societal demands and educational research. One notable example is the shift towards competency-based education (CBE). CBE focuses on learners' mastery of specific skills and knowledge rather than mere completion of coursework. This approach aims to ensure that learners acquire the necessary competencies to succeed in the workforce (Basham, 2018). Another prominent change in the U.S. curriculum is the increased emphasis on STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) education to foster innovation and address the growing demand for STEM professionals (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2018).

Finland's educational system is often lauded for its exceptional performance in international assessments. The country has undergone significant curriculum development to achieve its educational goals. Finland's curriculum is characterized by a learner-centered approach that emphasizes collaboration, critical thinking, and problem-solving skills (Sahlberg, 2018). The curriculum places a strong emphasis on holistic development, including arts, physical education, and social skills. Moreover, Finland's curriculum is designed to support equity and inclusivity, ensuring that all learners have equal opportunities to succeed (OECD, 2018). Singapore has implemented extensive curriculum reforms to meet the demands of a rapidly changing global landscape. The curriculum is guided by the vision of nurturing learners to be confident and adaptable individuals. The country's curriculum emphasizes the development of 21st-century competencies, including critical and inventive thinking, communication, collaboration, and information skills (Ministry of Education, Singapore, 2019).

         The curriculum in the Philippines has undergone several revisions over the years to align with the nation's goals and aspirations. Historically, the curriculum emphasized international studies, often drawing heavily from Western perspectives and models. This approach aimed to prepare Filipino learners for global challenges and opportunities. However, critics argued that this approach neglected the rich cultural heritage and local context of the Philippines, leading to a lack of appreciation for indigenous knowledge and local issues. One of the primary reasons for the shift toward Curricular change and development is the desire to foster a strong sense of cultural identity among Filipino learners. By incorporating local perspectives, histories, and traditions into the curriculum, learners are encouraged to embrace their heritage and develop a deeper understanding of their own culture. According to Francisco (2018), this emphasis on Curricular change and development helps learners establish a strong sense of self and pride in their cultural roots. By incorporating Curricular change and development into the curriculum, learners develop a better understanding of these issues and are encouraged to find context-specific solutions. As argued by Aquino (2020), an expert in curriculum development, this approach promotes active citizenship and empowers learners to contribute meaningfully to their communities. To enhance learner learning results, the Division of Tarlac City has implemented the MATATAG Curriculum, which is a significant educational reform. Nonetheless, public school heads and teachers' preparedness is a prerequisite for effectively accepting and using this curriculum. Thus, it is imperative to investigate the public-school heads and teachers' preparedness for the MATATAG Curriculum in the Tarlac City Division for several reasons.

To improve the implementation of the curriculum, it is imperative to first assess teacher preparedness. This study can pinpoint any knowledge, ability, or resource shortages that could prevent teachers from delivering the curriculum effectively by looking at their present state of readiness. Afterward, to improve teacher preparedness and MATATAG Curriculum implementation, the results may be used to guide the creation of focused interventions and support systems, such as professional development courses and instructional materials. To support the successful implementation of the curriculum and enhance learner learning outcomes, research on public school heads and teachers' preparedness for the MATATAG Curriculum in the Division of Tarlac City is vital. This project intends to contribute to the effective implementation and long-term sustainability of the MATATAG Curriculum in Tarlac City by evaluating teacher readiness, identifying difficulties, and providing methods to strengthen teacher preparedness and support systems

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INTRODUCTION

Consuming fruits and fruit-related products is known to improve immune health and general well-being. It reduces the risk of several chronic diseases, including age-related macular degeneration, cataracts, strokes, gastrointestinal disorders, certain types of cancer, hypertension, and heart disease. Experts recommend filling half of one’s plate with fruits and vegetables to encourage healthy eating habits, as fruits contain significant amounts of dietary fiber, ascorbic acid, folic acid, vitamin A precursors, and minerals such as potassium, magnesium, iron, and calcium. Additionally, fruits provide numerous phytochemicals with potent antioxidant properties. For optimal health benefits, five servings of fruit should be consumed daily. Fruits are generally divided into temperate, sub-tropical, and tropical categories based on their origin and production temperature.

In many cultures, the fruit is considered the most important part of the plant due to its wide range of uses. However, the peel can also be innovatively repurposed rather than discarded. For example, banana peel, often discarded as waste, has potential as a productive and profitable innovation. Bananas are a common fruit in the Philippines, consumed both raw and cooked. Similarly, baked goods like muffins and bread are widely popular in the country. Thus, instead of being viewed as waste, banana peels can be used to create new, healthier products.

One innovative product that can be made from fruit peels is marmalade. Typically made from citrus fruits, marmalade has a jelly-like texture and consists of properly prepared juice and peel, with sugar. Marmalade is valued for its combination of jelly with fruit peel pieces, providing extra nutrition while reducing fruit waste (Inam et al., 2012). Rich in vitamin C, dietary fiber, calcium, and iron, marmalade may support cardiovascular health, help reduce cholesterol and relieve constipation. When properly stored, marmalade can last up to a year, and once opened, it can be refrigerated for up to three months.

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These old farming practices are always rooted in tradition and knowledge and a regard for nature. These have been practiced by generations that turn out to be sustainable as well as resilient in the face of modern agricultural challenges. The major problem with industrial agriculture is that it works quite often against nature, conserving land, water, and other biodiversity for generations to come.

One of the best contributions made by indigenous farming is that it focuses on soil health. These systems involve crop rotation, intercropping, and agroforestry. The corn acted as a trellis for the beans; the beans provided nitrogen to the soil, and the squash kept the soil moist while preventing weeds from growing. That symbiotic relationship between crops had increased productivity and maintained soil fertility same with the system in the “Three Sisters”.

Another area where indigenous practices excel is in water management. For thousands of years, traditional irrigation approaches in water-scarce regions include the "qanats" of the Middle East or "bamboo drip irrigation" of India. Such approaches avoid waste and ensure efficient supply to crops. More techniques that help indigenous populations in arid climates by conserving water and arresting soil erosion are rainwater harvesting and terracing.

Indigenous farming largely depends on biodiversity. Food security and resistance to pests and disease are ensured by cultivating various crops. The possibility that crops may fail completely by adverse weather or infestation is reduced by planting such diversified crops. Besides this, traditional seed conservation preserves locally adapted resilient varieties of crops and genetic variety.

It integrates livestock into ecological ways while chiefly based on the concept of indigenous farming. Rotational grazing prevents overgrazing and helps rejuvenate pastoral community vegetation. Livestock is manure when enriching soil but also food, fiber, and money.

The indigenous practices are very closely associated with the values of culture and spirituality. Land is treated as a living thing and thus needs to be taken care of and treated with respect. Such thinking generates stewardship and respect for nature. Most of the planting and harvesting activities are tied with rituals and ceremonies, symbolizing oneness with nature.

The new challenges facing modern agriculture are soil degradation, water scarcity, and climate change. As such, this may present a much-needed sustainable way in which indigenous knowledge can be utilized within a modern farming system. Institutions and the government can foster this by showing support toward research on the traditional means of practice, indigenous rights being protected, and offering any other knowledge-sharing platform.

This values indigenous farming and brings wisdom in the future regarding building much more sustainability and resilience in it. It reminds one that agriculture is not only about a production tool but also a mode of living through connecting people to the land and its resources.

 DOI 10.5281/zenodo.14561157 

A. Nature of Business

·       Nature

The Department of Health (DOH) oversees PhilHealth's operations, which are run by the Philippine government. In accordance with Republic Act No. 7875, as modified by the Universal Health Care Act (RA111223), it was created to carry out the National Health Insurance Program (NHIP).

·   Name

Philhealth or the Philippine Health Insurance Corporation

· Product/Services

The Philippine Health Insurance Corporation, also known as PhilHealth, is a government-owned and managed business that offers all Filipinos comprehensive health care. Its services and solutions are designed to give members access to high-quality, reasonably priced healthcare. In order to achieve its goal of universal health coverage, PhilHealth provided member support services, financial risk protection, and health insurance benefits. These goods and services are intended to make healthcare more affordable and available to all Filipinos.

B.     Management, Marketing and Financial Highlights

·  Management

         The management of PhilHealth (Philippine Health Insurance Corporation) is in charge of carrying out the organization's mission to offer all Filipinos access to universal healthcare coverage. With an emphasis on effective and transparent operations, it functions under a corporate governance framework established by governmental rules. PhilHealth is essential to enhancing the effectiveness and accessibility of healthcare in Naval, Biliran. PhilHealth can further improve citizens' well-being and help create a healthier community in the future by boosting health education, growing health services, and investing in infrastructure.

·   Marketing

Ensuring interaction with important stakeholders, promoting membership, and raising knowledge of its services and programs. Since it is a government organization with a social mission, its marketing strategies emphasize advocacy, education, and teamwork over traditional profit-driven marketing. Encourage people to register and continue to contribute, especially unemployed people and the poor. Inform members about how to get the most out of their benefits and access medical care.

·   Financial

         In order to offer healthcare coverage to its members in the Philippines, PhilHealth services entail the financing, gathering, distribution, and use of resources. Hospitalization Benefits Up to PHP 50,000 per confinement, Outpatient Up to PHP 1,500 per session, Surgical Up to PHP 30,000 per procedure, Maternity Up to PHP 8,000 per delivery, Newborn Care Up to PHP 2,000 per newborn, Disability Up to PHP 10,000 per month, and Death Up to PHP 20,000 per member are among the various service costs offered by PhilHealth, which vary based on the type of care required.

l  Socio-Economic Contribution

PhilHealth makes certain that the documentation required by ISO 9001:2015 and those determined by the company are kept up to date and retained for the efficient operation of our QMS. The socioeconomic benefits made by PhilHealth are significant and extensive. Millions of Filipinos, including home workers, Filipinos employed abroad, and those with permanent, temporary, or provisional jobs, can get affordable health care through PhilHealth, a government-mandated health insurance program.

DOI 10.5281/zenodo.14586210 

Touted to be the noblest profession, teaching entails commitment, dedication, and unwavering heart for the most delicate clients, the heart and minds of every learner. It is just more than just a job. It is a sacred duty igniting and illuminating minds and shapes the people we call the hope of the future. In the heart of every great educator, lies the keen desire to empower and touch lives. Teaching becomes transformative when the two most significant factors collaborate forming the core of “Teaching on fire”.

Passion, one of the most important ingredients in any profession, serves as the fuel for every teacher aiding him to go extra mile, invest countless hours and to connect with learners on a greater level. It is the blazing flame that bolsters his dedication to serve learners and help them reach their full potentials. Teachers who embody passion are like spark plugs generating contagious energy that increases motivation and engagement among pupils. (Hargreaves, 1998). More so, they have unwavering power to transform classroom into a magical stage casting spells among learners to gain not only knowledge coming from books but also memories and experiences for lifelong learning.

Another ingredient to make learning empowered is the purpose. It is a compass among teachers providing them of the right track and direction of their profession. Knowing in mind that teaching won’t make anyone richer than before, teachers with a strong sense of purpose understands the power that lies within their hands that can truly help in shaping the minds and hearts of learners. They strive and keep on innovating in order to provide education across generations. This leads them on choosing to live to teach rather than just teaching in order to live.

When passion meets purpose, teaching becomes extraordinary and unstoppable. Teaching at that moment makes a lasting mark that inspires learners to strive more, aim for excellence, and pursue their dreams despite of different challenges. It creates a child-friendly environment where positivity and eagerness will always foster and that the feeling of security and inclusivity beyond races, ages, and social status will be achieved.

In this fast-changing world where change becomes evident and that young generations of today became more different from before in terms of character and others, it is but time that we recognize the blazing contributions of these teachers whom service is truly invaluable and incomparable. They remain and will always be the unsung heroes that ignites the fire and creates an indelible ink within not only for learners but for the society as well. May their unwavering effort and dedication be as contagious as it should be, infecting teachers in the average zone to emulate what they have, and in turn collaborate in achieving a society that cares for the welfare of all learners.

DOI 10.5281/zenodo.14586302 

CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM

Rationale

Education plays a critical role in the development of individuals and the growth of a nation. It is a social institution through which a society’s children are taught basic academic knowledge, learning skills and cultural norms. Every nation in the world is equipped with some form of education system. Education is something that is not only needed on a personal level, but also on a global level, as it is something that keeps the world safe and makes it a more peaceful place.

Education plays an important role in most Filipino families. It is the aim to have a decent education and to get a stable job. It has been established that once a single family will be able to raise even one child and send him or her to school, the whole nation will benefit from it. It is considered a milestone for families to send off a child to school to finish studies (Sabangan, 2017).

The curriculum is designed to provide knowledge, skills and values that enable individuals to become productive members of society. The traditional subjects such as Mathematics, Science and English have always been the core of the education system. However, education is not just about academic excellence, but it is also about developing well-rounded individuals who possess creativity, physical fitness and good health. Music, arts, physical education and health have been integrated into the curriculum to support the holistic development of students.

Teaching Music, Arts, Physical Education and Health (MAPEH) is as challenging as the establishment of pedagogy for other equally critical major subjects. Music, Arts, Physical Education and Health is an academic subject that cultivates the visions, creativity and life skills of students. It is a significant subject because of the connection of its four components of music, arts, physical education and health to the development of the knowledge and skills of the students.

         The importance of MAPEH education has been recognized since its first appearance in the educational system. MAPEH which stands for Music, Arts, Physical Education, and Health has a great implication on people’s way of living. It is a learning area which has a wider scope; thus, there is a need for the teachers to acquire the necessary knowledge and skills to provide effective instruction to students.

         According to Silvestre (2020), Music, Arts, Physical Education and Health has excellent significance in everyday life. Music and Arts provide an outlet for relaxation. Physical Education teaches the importance of keeping the body active and moving. Health helps to teach one how to stay well and things that they should not do to avoid unwanted medical conditions.

         The Music and Arts Program seeks to expose students to and develop the appreciation for Philippine, Asian and Western music. Students do not only acquire factual and theoretical knowledge but are also introduced to applications like singing, playing Filipino and Asian instruments, listening to recordings, and reading, writing and creating music. Physical Education aims to make the students physically active, well-poised, sound and efficient, mentally alert and active, and emotionally tempered and well-balanced. Health Education is designed to keep students abreast with health concerns and issues.

         In addition, MAPEH program also aims at developing an individual’s physical, emotional, social, and intellectual ability at an optimum level. It is an integral part of every child’s learning experiences. It contributes to the child’s acquisition of a well-rounded personality which permits him to live fully, happily and efficiently. According to Abas (2019), learning about being exposed to these art forms trigger changes in the brain that allow greater learning and also allow children to have talents in these areas to feel success.

According to Aruta (2019), besides having four components, MAPEH focuses on the holistic development of the child. From discovering future athletes, dances, actors and actresses, doctors and nurses, a MAPEH teacher also has to discover future singers and musicians. Hence, they have to perform multifarious functions to bring out the best among the students.

MAPEH program is one of the essential courses in the Teacher Education curriculum that promotes the wholesome development of each individual to attain a richer and nobler life. It makes every learner a dependable member of the community that will contribute to its betterment. Teaching Music, Arts, Physical Education and Health demands for advanced techniques to keep the students engaged and interested in learning.

         One of the crucial components of the program is instruction. With the pedagogical roles of the teachers, Reyes and Oreste (2017) stressed the importance of developing teachers’ expertise not only on the content but also with strategies and techniques. Ensuring that instruction is designed, developed and produced in a methodical routine that will produce effectual and effective learning.

         Another area of the MAPEH program is teachers’ qualification in teaching the subject. It has been obligatory for professional teachers to take the licensure examination and this test does not exempt MAPEH teachers. Licensure examination serves as the major component in the screening process of prospective teachers. It gives a high level of assurance that education graduates who have passed the Licensure Examination for Teachers (LET) are given legal consent to exercise their profession. It is one of the factors that influence the over-all quality of a teacher.

         Another consideration of the MAPEH program that needs to be assessed is the facilities used for the course implementation. Sports facilities are the physical structures constructed for the use of sports and are generally the immovable structures. In physical education and sports instructional domain, all types of equipment and supplies like the balls, apparatus or nets will be needed for the conduct of individual and team sports as well as for other physical activities.

         The Department of Education (DepEd) envisions every learner to be functionally literate, equipped with life skills, appreciative of the arts and sports, and imbued with the desirable values of a person. In line with this vision, DepEd has the mission to provide basic quality education that is equitably accessible to all and to lay the foundation for lifelong learning and service for the common good.

         Studies indicate that the hindrance and delay of the development of lifelong learning skills is due to the overcrowded curriculum and its insufficient relevance to the diverse contexts of the learners. To decongest the curriculum and make learners conceptualize the learning process, DepEd has restructured the curriculum into five (5) learning areas, namely; Filipino, English, Science, Mathematics (as basic tool subjects) and Makabayan (which includes Social Studies, Technology and Livelihood Education, Values Education, and MAPEH or Music, Arts, Physical Education, and Health Education) with stronger integration of competencies within and across these learning areas.

         The restructured curriculum makes use of innovative, interdisciplinary and integrative modes of instructional delivery, whenever possible and appropriate. Integration works best when teachers of different disciplines plan and teach together. Thus, collaborative teaching (in tandem or as a team) is strongly encouraged. Since the ideal teaching-learning process interactive, the curriculum has been restructured to promote more reciprocal interaction between students and teachers, between students themselves (collaborative learning), between students and instructional materials, between students and multi-media sources, and between teachers of different disciplines.

         The MAPEH teachers in the secondary schools in San Jose East District, Tarlac Province are very much aware of the present scenario of the MAPEH program in the restructured curriculum under the K to 12 educational system. It is in this context that the researcher undertook this study and assessed the strategies and instructional difficulties in teaching Music, Arts, Physical Education and Health (MAPEH) Program during school year 2023-2024.

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