Abstract

The teaching quality of universities is increasingly concerned by the society. Teachers' teaching competence, as an important index to evaluate the quality of education and teaching, is related to the development of a school's teaching quality. It is necessary to fully realize that teachers' teaching competence is the basis of teachers' work and an important guarantee factor for colleges and universities to train talents. This study describes the teaching competence and challenges faced by teachers in non-government universities in Guilin, Guangxi, China. The purpose of this study is to understand the current situation of teachers' teaching competence in non-government universities in Guilin, Guangxi. This paper discusses the influence of demographic characteristics on teachers' teaching competence. This paper investigates teachers' evaluation and understanding of self-teaching competence, and also investigates teachers' evaluation and understanding of others' teaching competence and analyzes the existing challenges in teaching quality. According to the research conclusion, this study proposes to strengthen the training of teachers; Establish a complete teaching quality evaluation system; Introduce the international private university management mode into the private teaching system; Well-known education experts from outside the school should be regularly invited to participate in teaching quality evaluation activities; Divide the evaluation index into the daily teaching management; Pay attention to the result assessment and process assessment; Reasonable distribution of teachers' teaching workload; Government departments implement fair treatment to non-government universities from the policy formulation; Higher education authorities to increase the number of teaching and research projects support and other suggestions.

Keywords: Non-Government Universities, Teaching Competence, Teaching Challenge, Guilin, China；

Introduction

As China implements the strategy of strengthening the country with talents, it is of great importance to improve the quality of personnel training. Colleges and universities are one of the most important bases for personnel training. As the key to personnel training, the position of college teachers is more and more important, and the teaching competence of college teachers is particularly key to improving the quality of personnel training. Therefore, the teaching competence construction of college teachers is the most important thing.

     China's non-government universities started late, and their strength is not superior to that of public colleges and universities, especially the strength of teachers, teachers have strong mobility, and teachers are often in shortage, especially in the teaching ability and teaching quality of teachers. Faced with the dual dilemma of increasingly fierce market competition, talent training and market demand mismatch, it is not only necessary but also urgent to improve the ability, quality and level of teachers in an all-round way, and improve the teaching quality of non-government universities.

Good teaching competence is the basis for teachers, and it is also the quality guarantee for the construction and development of non-government universities. Teaching competence is not only the basic competence of university teachers, but also the basis for universities to obtain sustainable competitive advantage.

The research on Chinese teachers' ability can be roughly divided into three stages. The first stage is the embryonic stage, and the research mainly appears in ancient Chinese classics and the discussion of important historical figures; the second stage is the development stage, which is manifested in the teacher's ability and entrance examination Relevant, the main purpose is to promote the improvement of students' academic performance; the third stage is the growth period, this stage is no longer limited to students' academic performance, but advocates quality education ability, and regards the research on teacher ability as a way to promote student development and teacher professional development. effective means (Chen & Wei 2021).

On the influence of teachers 'teaching ability on teaching, Shen Jiliang, Xin Tao and others show that the development of teachers' teaching monitoring ability has significant effect in promoting the improvement of teaching cognition level; the development of teachers 'teaching monitoring ability not only promotes the development of students' subject ability, but also promotes the improvement of students' academic performance. The research results of Wo Jianzhong, Shen Jiliang and Lin Chongde show that the improvement of teachers 'classroom teaching ability has an obvious effect on the development of students' thinking qualities such as depth, criticism, originality and flexibility (Liu 2019).

The domestic research on the cultivation and improvement of teachers 'teaching ability is, on the first hand, experts and scholars based on personal experience, on the other hand, the establishment of relevant institutions on the implementation of teachers' teaching ability training. The strategies proposed by Bai Yunxiao in the strategies and methods of cultivating and improving the teaching ability of young teachers are as follows: based on reality, To formulate scientific training plans; formulate a regulation, Standardize the training rules of young teachers; Strengthen the guidance, Improve in the teaching practice; The hierarchical culture, Show the talent of young teachers; Li Xue et al. proposed to strengthen vocational training in the Development Status and Training Strategies of New Young Teachers in Colleges and Universities (Liu 2020).

From the perspective of private colleges teachers’ management system: Hui-Ying Wang in the Chinese university teachers flow policy research, from the current big domestic environment, the national system level some problems are also the instability of private colleges teachers, in addition to secular and social understanding of private colleges is not enough, also lead to the loss of some teachers (Wang 2017).

Method

The research site is mainly selected in Guilin, Guangxi, China, and three non-government universities in this city are sampled. The three schools are Nanning Institute of Technology, Guilin University of Information Technology and Guilin University. The study conducted a sample survey on three Non-Government Universities in Guilin, Guangxi, including Guilin University, Nanning Institute of Technology and Guilin University of Information Technology. Each school randomly sampled 100 respondents (teachers and administrators), and a total of 300 respondents participated in this study.

The researchers conducted a needs analysis using semi-structured interview guidance questions. In this study, in order to facilitate questionnaire distribution, recovery and data statistics, the questionnaire was edited in Chinese and then published online through China Wenjuanxing software. Respondents only needed to answer the structured questionnaire questions on the web page, and their answers to the questions were recovered at last.

The researcher also conducted interview in gathering data on the implementation of teachers' teaching capacity construction in three non-government universities, as the research object, combined with examples, the existing problems were analyzed, suitable methods and means were found out, and finally the management scheme model of teachers' teaching capacity construction was optimized. On the basis of statistical survey data, statistical tools were used to analyze and draw relevant conclusions.

Results and Discussion

1. Profile of respondents' personal information.

Gender: The survey found that among the respondents in the three universities, the frequency of gender of teachers was 127 men and 173 women, totaling 300 people. Male teachers make up 42.3 percent and female teachers 57.7 percent.

Age: The survey found that among the 300 teachers who participated in the survey, 27 were under 30 years old, accounting for 9.0% of the total sample; 85 were between 31 and 40 years old, accounting for 28.3% of the total sample; 118 were between 41 and 50 years old, accounting for 39.3% of the total sample. The frequency of teachers aged 51-60 was 70, accounting for 23.3% of the total sample.

Marital status: The survey found that 35 of the respondents were single teachers, accounting for 11.7 percent; There were 245 married teachers (81.7%); There were 10 teachers living separately, accounting for 3.3%; There were 9 divorced teachers (3.0%); There was one widowed teacher (0.3%).

Teaching experience: The survey found that of the 300 teachers surveyed, 28 (9.3%) had less than 5 years of teaching experience, 51 (17.0%) had between 6 and 10 years of teaching experience, 97 (32.3%) had between 11 and 15 years of teaching experience, and 87 (29.0%) had between 16 and 20 years of teaching experience. There are also 37 (12.3%) with more than 21 years of teaching experience.

Education background: The survey found that among the 300 respondents from three universities, namely Guilin University, Nanning Institute of Technology and Guilin University of Information Technology, 63 teachers, accounting for 21 percent, had graduated with a doctorate; 15 teachers, or 5 per cent, are pursuing doctoral degrees; There are 136 teachers with master's degrees, accounting for 45.3%; There are 38 teachers pursuing master's degrees, or 12.7 per cent; There are 48 teachers with bachelor degrees, accounting for 16 per cent.

Professional titles: The survey found 45 professors, or 15 per cent, out of 300 respondents from three universities; There are 69 associate professors, or 23%; There are 100 lecturers, accounting for 33.3%; There are 86 teaching assistants, accounting for 28.7%.

Position/title: The survey found that out of 300 respondents in 3 universities, there were 3 vice-chancellors/vice-chancellors, or 1%; 10 Deans/Directors (3.3 per cent); There are 15 Vice-Presidents/Vice-Presidents, or 5 per cent; 21 managers, or 7 per cent; There were 251 teachers, accounting for 83.7%, indicating that more ordinary teachers participated in the survey.

Monthly income/salary: The survey found that 45 respondents, or 15%, earn less than $800 a month; The monthly salary of $801 to $900 was 134, accounting for 44.7%; The monthly salary of $901-1000 was 62, accounting for 20.7%; Twenty-three people (7.7%) earn a monthly salary of $1,001 to $1,100; The monthly salary of $1101 to $1200 was 31, accounting for 10.3%; Five, or 1.7 percent, earned more than $1,201 a month.

Teachers/non-teachers: The survey found that among the respondents, there were 173 teachers, accounting for 57.7%; There are 127 non-teachers, accounting for 42.3%. In the three universities in Guilin, teachers majoring in normal education occupy the majority, accounting for 57.7 percent.

2. How to describe the respondents' comprehensive evaluation and understanding of their own teaching competence.

Most of the interviewees think that they are in the middle level in teaching design competence, teaching operation competence, teaching management competence, teaching monitoring competence and teaching research competence, and they think that they can be competent for the basic abilities required by daily teaching. However, most respondents believe that their teaching design competence, teaching operation competence, teaching management competence, teaching monitoring competence and teaching research competence still need to be improved, and schools need to develop support plans related to teachers' teaching competence.

3. How to describe the respondents' comprehensive evaluation and understanding of others' teaching competence?

Most respondents believe that teachers in their schools are at a normal level in teaching design competence, teaching operation competence, teaching management competence, teaching monitoring competence and teaching research competence, and that they are basically competent in daily teaching. Most respondents believe that others' teaching design competence, teaching operation competence, teaching management competence, teaching monitoring competence and teaching research competence still need to be improved, and schools need to increase financial support, introduce relevant systems and formulate support plans for teachers' teaching competence.

4. How to describe the respondents' understanding of the challenges of teaching quality in their schools?

The survey found that among respondents, the following choices were the most agreed on the challenges of teaching quality in their schools: The ninth choice, "management philosophy is backward," was the most popular choice, a total of 186 people chose this option; This was followed by the eighth option, "less interaction between teachers and students", which was selected by 177 people. Then, option 12, "Underfunding of schools," was chosen by 160 people. Ranked fourth is "teaching quality supervision mechanism has not been established", a total of 158 people chose this option. According to the total score, it can be seen that the interaction between teachers and students is less, the management concept of administrators is backward, and the insufficient investment of school funding is an important factor affecting the teaching quality. Other factors, such as weak professional basic knowledge and low learning enthusiasm of teachers, showed a low score.

5. How schools take action plans to address teaching quality challenges.

In the face of these challenges in teaching quality, the respondents hope that the school will take corresponding measures to solve the problem, such as increasing the training opportunities of teachers' professional knowledge and competence, and stimulating the motivation of teachers' learning to improve the design of school curriculum; Increase the investment in school funding to ensure that all measures can be implemented; Ensure that more interactive teaching is arranged to meet the needs of students and society in order to increase interaction and communication between teachers and students; Ensure that schools have the most advanced technology and equipment to enable teachers to use modern web-based teaching methods; Encourage teachers to participate in and support the school's teaching quality monitoring mechanism, and ensure that the teaching quality monitoring and evaluation mechanism is perfect; Improve the management competence of the management team, and modernize the management concept.

Conclusion:

 1. Among the respondents, 42.3 percent were male teachers and 57.7 percent were female teachers. The largest number of teachers are aged 41 to 50, followed by those aged 31 to 40. The most teachers had between 11 and 15 years of teaching experience and the least teachers had less than five years of teaching experience. The number of teachers with master's degrees is the highest and the number of teachers with doctoral degrees is the lowest. Lecturers had the most teachers and professors the least. The number of ordinary teachers participating in this study is the largest. Among the marital status, married teachers were the most, accounting for 81.7%. Among the monthly income/salary, the number of people with monthly salary of $801-900 is the largest, accounting for 44.7%, and most teachers have a low-income level. Among the majors, teachers accounted for 57.7%; Non-teachers accounted for 42.3% of the employees.

2. The respondents are at an average level in teaching design competence, teaching operation competence, teaching management competence, teaching monitoring competence and teaching research competence, and are basically competent for the basic abilities required by daily teaching. Respondents generally have room for improvement in their own teaching competence.

 3. The survey shows that the teachers in the school where the respondents work are at an average level in terms of teaching design competence, teaching operation competence, teaching management competence, teaching monitoring competence and teaching research competence. There is a large space for universities to improve teachers' teaching competence.

4. Most of the non-government universities have encountered the following challenges in terms of teaching quality: the management concept of school administrators is backward; Insufficient investment in school funds; The school has not established a perfect teaching quality management system; Teaching quality supervision mechanism has not been established; Less interaction between teachers and students; The teachers are not stable enough and the turnover rate is high. Fewer training opportunities for teachers and administrators; Unreasonable appointment and evaluation system.

5. Teaching design competence, teaching operation competence, teaching management competence, teaching monitoring competence and teaching research competence are the components and manifestations of the overall teaching competence of college teachers. The improvement of teachers' teaching competence is an important part of the work of colleges and universities.

Recommendations:

Based on the summary and conclusion of this study, the following suggestions are put forward:

 1. Strengthen the training of teachers. Different education and training measures should be taken for different groups. Different training plans should be formulated according to teaching experience, major, age, job content, etc., and teachers' meetings should be held to discuss training objectives and assignment of work tasks to ensure good training results.

 2. Establish a complete teaching quality evaluation system, including setting up teaching supervisors, carrying out self-evaluation and mutual evaluation of teachers, including students' evaluation of teachers in class. Let the teaching evaluation system become a powerful measure to promote the development of teaching and promote the high-quality development of teaching in non-government universities.

3. An international conference on the education quality of non-government universities should be held. In order to improve the education quality of non-government universities in China and its influence in the world, it is necessary to introduce an international private university management model into the private teaching system.

4.Non-Government universities should regularly invite well-known education experts from outside the school to participate in teaching quality evaluation activities. The improvement of the teaching quality of non-government universities needs the participation of more third-party institutions and personnel.

5.Non-Government universities need to accept teaching quality assessments from higher education authorities on a regular basis. Therefore, principals of non-government universities should be guided by assessment goals and separate assessment indicators to achieve daily teaching management.

 6. In order to ensure that teachers have sufficient time to conduct teaching research and ensure the quality of class, the school management department should reasonably allocate the teaching workload of teachers, so that teachers cannot be in the state of over workload.

7. Government departments should give fair treatment to non-government universities in terms of policy formulation. First, increase financial support for non-government universities; second, give non-government universities more autonomy in terms of title evaluation policies.

 8. Higher education authorities should increase the amount of support for non-government universities from the establishment of research projects and teaching reform projects, and promote the scientific research level of teachers in non-government universities.

References:

Chen, Y., & Wei, X. (2021). The status and development of teachers' teaching ability in private colleges. Modern Education Science, 9(1), 165-167.

Darling-Hammond, L. (2017). Teacher education around the world: What can we learn from international practice? European Journal of Teacher Education, 40(3), 291-309. doi: 10.1080/02619768.2017.1293866

Li, M., & Xu, C. (2018). Research on the construction of teachers' team in private colleges from the perspective of teaching ability. Education Exploration, 12(11), 113-115.

Liu, A. (2019). Game analysis of the relationship between private colleges and teachers. Education Teaching Forum, 10(6), 51-53.

Liu, M. (2020). Comparative study on the professional development of teachers in private colleges and public universities. Education Science, 9(3), 185-188.

Wang, H. (2017). Research on the flow policy of Chinese university teachers. Education Science, 6(4), 92-95.

The arduous tasks of educators to establish quality instruction is tantamount to the nature of their profession wherein they are tasked to look after their students’ welfares. The teaching profession is widely recognized as a devotion where thousands of individuals are catered by teachers for them to become worthy citizens of our country as stipulated in the core values of the department. This heroic deed of teachers comes from their commitment that whatever lies ahead, they are filled with passion and optimism to implement change in the lives of these individuals.

The education sector has faced various challenges and modifications that must remain relevant for these times. The implementation of the K to 12 Curriculum roughly 9 years ago remained challenging as there are still gaps to be addressed. However, the agenda presented by our education administrators tried to solve these issues and resulted in a positive impact. They remained steadfast to heed the call of various stakeholders of the education sector, they implemented numerous programs, projects, and activities that are aligned with the facets of Sulong EduKalidad, to ensure that learners and other stakeholders become adaptive and resilient with the ever-changing educational landscape.

One of the most challenging times that ever affected the education sector is the emergence of the COVID-19 virus which caused closures of schools and brought anxiety to all individuals. The pandemic produced uncertainty in the field of education since by principle, this human engagement must not be stopped as this may cause severe economic and educational crisis. Instruction has been shifted from traditional face-to-face learning to distance learning and encouraged all stakeholders to adjust with this set-up. As schools battle this unseen enemy, both learners and teachers alike must be prepared to assert the call of DepEd for continuous learning despite this pandemic. Hence, the department issued the basic education learning continuity plan (BE-LCP) that lays down the basic principles that must be followed by schools to mitigate the impacts of the pandemic.

As the pandemic shifted the delivery of instruction to distance learning modes, there are issues on the part of teachers, learners, and other stakeholders that need to be addressed. The challenge lies among the school to effectively deliver the contents of BE-LCP that is presented to the officials of the three (3) school catchment areas. The school head entered a partnership that seeks the services of barangay officials during the delivery and retrieval of modules. As one of the community partners, they heeded the call of the school for the continuity of learning by the students.

With Printed Modular Distance Learning (PMDL) as the primary mode of distance learning delivered by Dingras NHS/Lt. Edgar Foz MNHS-Sulquiano Campus for the school year 2021-2022, communication during class monitoring and supervision has been a struggle for both learners and teachers. As remarked by parents and guardians when they supervise the accomplishment of tasks of their children, they complain of the intermittent signal in their locality that hinders them to ask clarifications from teachers regarding the activities.

Although most of the students have cellphones or gadgets to use, some learners cannot afford to buy load for data connection while others complain of slow to no connection in their residences. The same scenario is faced by teachers especially when they report to school to monitor and supervise their classes, as the school is located at the breast of Bantay Giwang where internet connection is an issue. This compromised the establishment of constant communication among learners and their parents to effectively deliver the contents of the modules and other school-related concerns. Hence, there is a need to establish Wi-Fi hotspots where both students and teachers connect to use in their classes.

To address the said problem, the administration of Dingras NHS/Lt. Edgar Foz MNHS-Sulquiano Campus bannered the implementation of the Pas-pas Dur-as (Napas-pas nga Wi-Fi para iti Nadur-as a Masakbayan. This project is primarily aimed at installing fast and reliable Wi-Fi hotspots to select school catchment areas to be used by all enrolled learners and teachers of the school. What is unique in this project is also the provision of free Wi-Fi vouchers with specific codes to be given to all learners every week as these are inserted in their envelopes. Also, the project hopes to decrease the wide gap of digital divide that is experienced by those learners who can afford to sustain their data allowance and for all learners to actively participate during class monitoring and supervision by their teachers.

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Abstract

Aim: This study focused on the supervisory practices of secondary school principals in Lanao del Sur 1 and Marawi City divisions in relation to teachers’ morale and behavior.

Methodology: This study employed a descriptive-correlational research design. The data was gathered through a non- standardized   modified checklist questionnaire to the 285 respondents from Lanao del Sur 1 and Marawi City divisions. The data were tabulated and analyzed using the frequency count, percentage and weighted mean. The Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation was used to correlate the relationship between the perceived supervisory practices of the secondary school principals and the teachers’ morale and behavior and the relationship between the teachers’ morale and behavior.  

Results: With a significance level of 0.05, the conducted hypothesis testing revealed significant relationships between the supervisory practices of school principals and both teachers' morale and behavior.

Conclusion: The study concludes that there is a significant relationship of supervisory practices in shaping teachers' morale and behavior, highlighting a significant relationship between teachers' morale and behavior as well.

Keywords: supervisory practices, secondary school, principals, teacher morale, and behavior

INTRODUCTION

The supervisory practices of school administrators are an important tool for the improvement of instruction. These receive less attention than the classroom practices of teachers because it is believed that the influence or impact of school administrators on student achievement is indirect, “operating through others who have a more direct and extensive influence on students” (Place, 2011).  Ostensibly, “others” here refer to teachers. Waters and Kingston (2005) has noted that, “Principal leadership is positively correlated with student achievement. This  has been supported  by Stronge (2010) who emphasized  that the role of the school administrators as well as his supervisory practices is  undeniably  a factor  to take into account. 

As Place (2011) argues in his book Principals Who Dare to Care, “just as plants and animals need proper care and feeding, so do students and teachers need support and encouragement.”   He affirms the importance of establishing conditions that encourage or at least do not discourage human caring.  As far as he is concerned, the most important aspect of principalship is to care about all the people that he works with and to have at least some of those people care about him.  In the kind of context described by Place, supervisory practices should figure prominently. For example, in American schools, classroom walk through is now recognized as a tool for improving teaching and learning. The practice is receiving increasing attention as principals and other educational leaders search for, and try out, strategies aimed at improving instruction with the ultimate result of improving learning gains or student achievement (Kachur, et al. 2010).  Actually, local teachers are no strangers to the practice which is just a modern model of what they call ‘visitation’ or ‘observation’. 

No organization can rise above the quality of the human workforce and school leaders playing the crucial role in ensuring quality services for the effective learning of the students. There are components of an organization that demand attention, but as numerous studies of the experiences of high-performing corporations reveal, the human resource is in the forefront (Dressler, 2000). If people are the single most important aspect of school systems, a more critical look at the supervisory practices of school administrators should be in order. It has been observed by not a few that in the municipalities in Lanao del Sur and Marawi City Divisions where public secondary schools are situated, the supervisory practices of the school administrators leave much to be desired.  In Angin’s study (2015), she recommended the need for school administrators to   improve their management practices on the use of instructional materials, as this effect has less satisfaction to school leaders’ performance. Likewise, the study of Mutin (2014) reported a moderate level of teachers’ and school administrators’ adaption to, and adopting changes and strategies demanded by the K+12 program. All these findings call attention to the need to revisit the supervisory practices of school administrators or educational leaders in Lanao del Sur. Deplorable practices as those discovered in the growing number of studies affect teachers’ morale, behavior., and performance, which in turn have dire consequences for the learning process and student achievement.  If this kind of situation persists in public schools, it can surely become a serious hindrance or roadblock to achieving quality education.

De Grawe (2001) as quoted by Maulana and Azkiya (2003) noted that the priority of all countries, especially those falling into the ‘developing’ category, is to improve the quality of schools and the achievement of students since learning outcomes depend largely on the quality of education being offered.  Barro (2006) affirms the same views emphasizing that higher quality education fosters economic growth and development.  However, quality education partly depends on how the teachers are trained and supervised since they count among the key inputs to education delivery. 

 Moreover, De Grauwe (2001) pursues the same line of thought, positing that the national authorities rely strongly on the school supervision system to monitor both the quality of schools and key measure of its success, such as student achievement. Oransaju (1983) opines that supervision is a way of stimulating, guiding, improving, refreshing, encouraging and overseeing certain groups with the hope of seeking their cooperation in order for the supervisors to be successful in their task of supervision. Supervision is essentially the practice of monitoring the performance of the school staff, noting the merits and demerits and using fitting and amicable techniques to ameliorate the flaws, while still improving on the merits thereby increasing the standards of the school and achieving educational goals.

         Section 17 of the Education Act of 1982 or Batas Pambansa Blg. 232 mandated the duties and obligations of school officials, teachers and other school personnel in the school (Bacarat,2004). This law recognizes the important role of education as a tool for the improvement of the society. The latter can be realized if quality education will be sustained and one of the important aspects of a successful school is effective supervision. In fact, according to Medina (2006), supervising human beings aside from other components of an organization is the most difficult task and considered as the most common problem faced by many administrators. The need for effective supervision practices is important to foster positive implementation of laws affecting education. 

           Evidently, the success of any school in meeting its goal depends on its leaders or principals who perform supervision functions. Taking cognizance of the importance of supervision in educational system, this study attempts to clarify the supervisory practices used by the school principals in relation to the teachers’ morale and behavior. Supervision as emphasize.  Recognition of the impact of supervisory practices on teacher morale and performance, then of teacher morale on student achievement or learning outcome, provoked the researcher to look into the perceptions of the teachers on the supervisory practices of their principals, particularly on practices that   influence on their morale and behavior.

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Rationale

         Communication is very important to have better understanding.  It can be done through intrapersonal and intrapersonal communication.  Achieving good communication can be done also through verbal and non-verbal.

         Along with those above statement.  It is said to be that one of the noblest profession in the world rather the universe is the TEACHING PROFESSION because the mother of all professions were done through teaching.  Now a day, English Language surpasses the other languages used in the whole world in terms of communicating, economics, and relationship.  Mass media personalities used English Language to have report and gather information.  In connection that premises, the teacher in the different subject areas especially the English subject teacher should know the correct English grammar so that they can express their thought clearly and effectively.  The teachers should be able to communicate in English whenever society requires its use.  They need to use English in formal situation like discussing topic in the classroom, classroom interaction, conventions, conference, communications among people of different ranks in a societal hierarchy, listening to lectures, responding to an interviewer, interviewing persons in authority, and reading for information in foreign or local publications in English.  They also need it in informal settings like talking with their superiors inside or in their place of work, and talking with their co-teachers and others.

         In addition, the teachers are one of the molders of the youth and because of that, they should possess the characteristic of being professional in their assign task being teachers.  They are the model of the youth and the who drive their brighter future.  On the other hand, teachers in the National High School within Division I-A Lanao del Sur particularly in the Municipalities of Ditsaan-Ramain, Bubong, and Buadipuso Buntong are very participative and dedicated to their job as a public teachers.  They did to educate the future leader of the said Municipalities.  They engaged themselves in related trainings and seminars to hone, sharpen and develop their mind and intellect as teachers.

         Likewise, communicative competence as an assessment to the Secondary School Public Teachers as the central topic of the study and research is very clear that the teachers in the national high school excelled in communication specially those who are assigning in the languages subject such as English and Filipino.  Whenever they discussed the topic in the classroom and do communicate to their students and co-teachers, English Language become their members of instruction.  Based on the study, both of them are well verses on communicating using English and Filipino dialect whenever the situations requires it.

         Passion in learning as one of the keys to success in the different field must be cultivated to ensure success.  The teachers should engage themselves in the teaching heartily so that the students will learn a valuable lesson from them.  In other words, they have to master the English Language as their prime duties being public teachers.  On what level are thee communicative competencies of the national high school then? What are the common errors committed by the faculty? Answers to the questions will be the task of the researcher.

Conceptual Framework

         This research learned on the premise that the basic ingredient in the use of language is communicative and that the teacher should exhibit the needed competence to serve important purposes such as satisfaction of needs, access to technical and scientific materials and maintenance of communication in the speech community.  For this reason, as assessment of the communicative competence of the national high school teachers would establish a picture of their proficiency along the three criteria of communicative competence categorized by Willian as adapted by Danao (2012) which are: 1.) Knowledge of the Mechanical Rules of the Language which contains: Dictation, Related Sentences, and Error Detection.  2.) Knowledge of the Meaning System of the Language which covers: Idioms, Vocabulary, Close Test.  3.) Initiating a Talk ang Responding to a Talk.

         The survey also involved the identification of the level of competence of the teachers in each criterion in the communicative competence so as to ascertain the teacher strengths and weaknesses.

         Comparison of the teachers’ performance in the three criteria of the communicative competence test-grammatical, lexical, socio-linguistic, oral will use to determine whether there is interrelationship of achievement among the mentioned criteria.  The research would able also try to find out whether performance in the written in related to oral work.  With the use of a questionnaire, relevant factors that may influence the use of language such as faculty professional background and exposure to media will look into to determine which of these input data would have measurable impact on competence.

         The result and findings of this research will furnish insight and consequently provide a basis for formulating a more responsive secondary school Communication Arts Program to improve the communicative competence of the faculty and enrich their experiences in the English language.

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Maybe most of us have always loved indulging in coffee as part of our daily routine. The majority of us may agree with the phrase, "Coffee is Life." So, allow me to hypothesize that there is a significant relationship between coffee and life.

Let us compare coffee to life itself. Imagine the dark, bitter coffee as a representation of our toughest moments—the times when things get rough, and we can't help but feel a bit down. But fear not, my friends! Just like sugar sweetens our coffee, imagine those moments of triumph, the victories that bring smiles to our faces and fill us with joy. And to add a touch of tranquility, picture the creamy, white creamer representing peace of mind and contentment.

Now, let's think about our bodies as cups, our life as the water inside, and our mind as a spoon. The cup holds our life's experiences, just like it holds coffee. And the spoon? It symbolizes our thoughts and how we navigate through life.

Imagine taking a spoonful of bitterness and mixing it into the cup of life. It might make things seem dark and unpleasant. Nobody wants a life filled with bitterness and pain, right? But let's sprinkle in two spoonful of sweetness—the moments of joy, success, and pure happiness. Ah, much better! Those bitter moments become more bearable. Lastly, let's add three spoonful of contentment, peaceful thinking, and a sense of purity. Ah, now that's a perfect blend!

But you know what? Some of us do not like to experience bitterness, painful moments, dark events, or scenarios that break our hearts. We do not like them. We just want sweet moments, triumphs, winning events, pleasure, and a feeling of bliss. But who likes to drink water with only sugar in it?

Remember, the very reason that keeps us alert is the bitter tastes of life. The main ingredients that keep us awake are the aroma and the taste of coffee. Our motivation to move forward comes from those darkest moments of our lives. The pain reminds us to push ourselves to the unlimited potential of advancement. Without those heartbreaks, we might lose the desire to win.

But also, do not forget that we can only have the perfect taste of life if we add so much more contentment, purity of our souls, calmness, and a peaceful mind. Sugar cannot change the color of coffee, but the creamer can. If we add some purity to our souls, we can instantly change the color and taste of our lives.

Let's create our own blend of life. We have full control over its taste. We can decide the amount, personalize its measurement, and add some more ingredients and flavors. With the right mixture, we can have a more enjoyable sip of life.

Practicum experiences are an integral part of hospitality management education, providing students with the opportunity to gain real-world experience in the industry. However, practicum experiences also present ethical concerns that students need to be aware of and address. The following are some of the ethical concerns that practicum students may encounter and the steps they can take to address them:

1. Ensuring that employees are treated fairly and with respect. Practicum students may be placed in situations where they observe or even participate in practices that are unethical or violate labor laws. For example, they may witness employees being paid less than minimum wage, working excessive hours, or being discriminated against. It is essential that practicum students are trained to recognize and report such practices to their supervisors, mentors, or other appropriate authorities. They should also be taught about fair labor practices, such as minimum wage laws, and how to advocate for employees' rights.

2. Hospitality management businesses operate in a sustainable and environmentally responsible manner. Practicum students should be taught about sustainable practices such as reducing waste, conserving energy, and using eco-friendly products. They should also be trained to recognize and report practices that are harmful to the environment, such as the use of single-use plastics or excessive use of water resources. Practicum students should be encouraged to advocate for sustainable practices in the workplace and to promote the importance of sustainability in the industry.

3. Hospitality management businesses operate in a socially responsible manner. This includes providing a safe and healthy work environment for employees, promoting diversity and inclusion, and supporting the local community. Practicum students should be trained to recognize and report practices that violate these ethical standards and to advocate for social responsibility in the workplace. They should also be encouraged to promote these values in the industry and to support businesses that prioritize social responsibility.

Moreover, hospitality management practicum students are essential to understand the role of ethics in the industry. Ethics refers to a set of moral principles that govern the behavior of individuals and organizations. In the hospitality industry, ethics play a crucial role in ensuring that businesses operate in a socially responsible and sustainable manner.  Practicum students must be aware of their ethical responsibilities as representatives of their educational institutions and the hospitality industry. They should understand the importance of upholding ethical standards and the consequences of unethical behavior. Practicum students should also be aware of the legal implications of unethical practices and the potential harm they can cause to individuals and businesses.

Finally, practicum students should be aware of the ethical concerns related to customer interactions. They may encounter situations where customers are treated unfairly or are subjected to discriminatory practices. They should be trained to recognize and address these situations and to advocate for fair and equal treatment of all customers. Practicum students should also be trained to recognize and report situations where customers are harmed, such as through unsafe or unsanitary conditions.  Therefore, addressing these ethical concerns, practicum students can contribute positively to the industry and make a difference in the lives of employees, customers, and the environment.

ABSTRACT

Title: SUPREME STUDENT GOVERNMENT OFFICERS’ COMMITMENT AND ENGAGEMENT IN

CALOOCAN NORTH DISTRICT

Researcher: Genelyn C. Rico

Degree:       Master in Educational Management

Institution:    Polytechnic University of the Philippines-Open University

Year: 2020

Adviser:       Dr. Norberto Caturay

This study assessed the organizational commitment and engagement of Supreme Student Government (SSG) officers in Caloocan North I and II District from school Year 2019-2020. Specifically, it sought to identify the SSG Officers personal profile such as; age, sex, grade level, number of years as an SSG officer, number of SSG activities organized; type of school; how the respondents assessed their organizational commitment to SSG in terms of Affective Commitment based on their emotion attachment, Continuance Commitment that measures their willingness to work in the same organization and Normative Commitment that builds upon duties and values in the organization; how the respondents will assess their engagement to SSG in terms of Emotional or the student’s sense of belongingness, Behavioral or the student’s participation and Cognitive or the student’s motivation and regulation; and if it there any significant difference on the assessed commitment and engagement to SSG when the respondents were group according to their profile variables.

Seven public secondary schools in Caloocan-North I and II particularly SSG Officers from School A to G for the School Year 2019-2020 were chosen as the respondents of this study. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to measure the organizational commitment and engagement of the SSG Officers. The following were taken as the result of the study: Majority of the SSG officers aged 15-16 years old, dominantly female, from Grade 10-12 level, served for 1 year or less as an officer and have attended 5 various SSG launched activities. As to the extent of organizational commitment, SSG officers assessed themselves to be with High Level of Affective, Continuance and Normative domains. Meanwhile, the extent of students’ engagement found to have a Very High Level of Emotional and Behavioral while with High level of Cognitive engagement. There was no significant difference if the SSG officers in terms of commitment when grouped according to age and sex but found to have a significant difference when grouped according to grade level and number of years as SSG Officer. On the other hand, there was no significant difference in the responses of the SSG officers in terms of engagement when grouped according to age and grade level. However, found to have a significant difference when grouped according to gender and number of years as an officer.

Keywords: Student Leadership, Commitment, Engagement, Supreme Student Government, Leadership Training

Ting! Ting! The Messenger group chat for our MTBMLE research project became increasingly busy, demanding my attention. Determined to avoid distractions, I muted the chat. Although my mind and heart weren't fully invested in this project, as it wasn't my preferred research topic, I decided to join out of camaraderie and undeniably earn points for promotion.

Initially, I had envisioned a small-scale study, focusing on a few schools or conducting a complete enumeration of primary teachers in our municipality only. However, I soon discovered that the scope of the study encompassed the entire province, consisting of 13 municipalities. Dazed by other deadlines and responsibilities, all the more I regretted my decision to join the research project. The best choice was to push forward, and be compliant or else I will always be arguing for my deviant thoughts which will bring me to nowhere but stress. Sink or swim, as they say.

The piercing sound of my alarm clock disrupted the early morning stillness, signaling the beginning of our data-gathering journey across various schools in the province. The research team planned to start at 5:30 AM, so despite my lack of enthusiasm, I rose earlier than the sun to offer prayers before preparing for the trip. Our strategy was to visit the farthest school first and work our way back to the nearest.

Since it was our first time in the location, we got lost on our way. The people at the base of the mountain verified several times that we are really looking for the multi-grade school because it takes  forty minutes to an hour to climb up the mountain where it is located. Walking is not a problem for us since we are used to it. Shielded by umbrella, we briskly climbed the mountain with the intention of cutting down on time so we can cover the target number of schools in a day. The breathtaking natural landscape and the captivating sky kept me energized during our brief stops. Finally, after what felt like an eternity of walking, we reached the first recommended school. Before shaking hands with any of the multi-grade teachers, I hurried to the comfort room to wipe away the perspiration that clung to my body. I realized how important it is to carry an extra shirt for comfort in case you get drenched in sweat.

Following nearly two hours of engaging in focus group discussions (FGDs), we had to make our way back down the mountain, aiming to descend faster than our ascent. Descending maybe quicker, but not necessarily easier. We couldn't afford to dawdle along the way, as other teachers in other schools were awaiting our arrival. The cycle repeated itself as we visited at least three schools per day.

Despite my initial reluctance to embark on this journey, I gradually developed an appreciation for MTBMLE as a research topic. At first, I just simply listened, recorded, and took notes of  the various experiences, problems, and conflicting ideas shared by the FGD participants, but as we laughed at the amusing anecdotes shared by the teachers, I came to empathize with their struggles in managing classroom learning and admired the solutions they had devised. Having never taught this subject before, I was indifferent to it since we can not go against its implementation. Indeed, it is true that a deeper understanding of a matter leads to a greater appreciation of its value.

After almost two weeks of data collection across three municipalities, we received an urgent notice from the DepEd regional director, requesting the initial data we had gathered to support their appeal at the Senate to suspend the use of mother tongue as a medium of instruction. It is important to note that our research is not funded by DepEd or other agencies, nor was it intended to debunk MTBMLE but to improve our curriculum and instruction for our pre-service teachers and design a training project for extension service. As researchers, our primary responsibility is to share our findings with those who need them. That day, it finally sunk in me that our study is not ordinary which requires not just a compliant attitude but a yearning to level up in understanding research and developing the skills needed. Although I knew that any study could contribute to future research, I never imagined that ours would have an immediate impact on addressing a national issue in pedagogy. As a novice in research, the opportunity to contribute to problem-solving felt more rewarding than getting published or cited. It served as a wake-up call to appreciate efforts, no matter how small they are, as they may contribute to significant solutions.

Joining this research project for the first time felt overwhelming, with its enormity and challenges for a novice like me. Nevertheless, the valuable lessons I learned, particularly from conducting qualitative research alongside experts, have expanded my understanding of various areas within and outside the realm of research. Accompanying, observing, and actively listening to our leader's coordination with administrators and participants during FGDs provided me with hands-on learning experiences in conducting research projects. Waking up early for long trips, enduring walkathons, and dealing with the pressures of deadlines and paperwork served as my tuition fees for this practical learning. I am now determined to set aside my tendencies to magnify my personal concerns and instead focus on finding solutions, with faith that all things work for good to those who love the Lord, as the Bible says.

Abstract

The study presents the real-life experiences of nurses working amidst the Covid-19 outbreak. The approach includes logically related topics such as health and nursing challenges and problem-solving. During the COVID-19 crisis, a phenomenology qualitative study comprising semi-structured interviews was conducted. Ten people were recruited from three government hospitals in Tarlac, significant hotspots during the COVID-19 pandemic spike. A semi-structured, in-depth interview questionnaire was used to collect data. Before the interview, the researcher gathered demographic information from the respondents. Three weeks later, the same interviews were conducted. Respondents in this study were between the ages of 25 and 34. Those who did not live with their parents (n = 8) elected to keep their employees in the isolation ward a secret from their parents. After being separated from their families, they felt helpless and remorseful. Respondents who cared for elderly patients and small children at their patients' homes were especially concerned about their families. The study showed that frontline nurses' positive and negative attitudes toward the disease coexist. Respondents frequently experienced more negative emotions in the early stages, while positive feelings arrived instantaneously or gradually over time. The study concludes that nurses must practice self-care and psychological growth techniques to sustain their mental health and well-being and mental health literacy in the workplace, also known as psychoeducation training. Positive reasons for involvement in mental health interventions, as well as participation in such programs by visible leaders who help to promote a culture of health in the workplace, are critical to the success of such efforts, as are psychosocial support team activities that teach nurses to sympathize with the challenges that they encounter.

Keywords: Healthcare workers during the pandemic, lived experiences of nurses.

Acknowledgment

Aftmost gratitude to the Father Almighty, who created all things beautiful and purposeful. Gratitude to the professors of Urdaneta City University for their untiring guidance and wisdom in delivering excellence and passing on the virtue of constant learning.

Salutation towards the professors, and my adviser, for the example they had imparted, their perseverance, and their understanding in educating the researcher about the true essence of excellence in learning.

Endless appreciation for my parents, family, friends, and coworkers who have shared their time, support, blessings, and prayers. For all the healthcare providers, survivors, and lost loved ones in the battle against the Covid-19 global pandemic.

PABLITO GINES JR.

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Nurses are at the forefront of promoting health, advocating for patients, and advancing care science. The World Health Organization designated 2020 the Year of the Nurse and the Midwife. Organizations within the World Health Assembly, such as the International Confederation of Midwives, International Council of Nurses, Nursing Now, and the United Nations Population Fund, planned to celebrate nurses worldwide, address challenges nurses face, and highlight nurses' vast contributions throughout 2020 (Alharbi et al., 2020).

However, the Year of the Nurse and the Midwife was quickly overshadowed by the international invasion of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The effects of COVID-19 have been felt in, and continue to ripple through, all areas of the world. Anecdotes continue to emerge as nurses engage in the power of storytelling to share their reality of COVID-19. Curating and archiving these pandemic experiences are necessary. This study aims to scientifically examine the lived experiences of nurses or practices during the pandemic (Galehdar et al., 2020).

The first wave of coronavirus disease 2019 was a global event for which nurses had limited time to prepare before receiving an influx of high-acuity patients and navigating new care plans. Furthermore, to resolve challenges and problems in the nursing community, we must first understand nurses' lived experiences during the COVID-19 outbreak. Hence, numerous research studies should be done.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is the virus that causes COVID-19, which was first identified as a pneumonia-like illness in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. The World Health Organization declared a public health emergency in January 2020, and in March 2020, the United States declared a national emergency. Areas of Europe and the United States became epicenters of the disease. Information about the pathophysiology, prevention, and treatment of, as well as recovery from, COVID-19 continues to emerge (Liu et al., 2020).

COVID-19 can cause various flu-like symptoms, such as fever, cough, shortness of breath, exhaustion, gastrointestinal abnormalities, and loss of taste and smell. Emerging evidence suggests that COVID-19 impacts populations differently, particularly vulnerable populations such as the elderly, racial and ethnic minorities, and children. Importantly, COVID-19-infected children younger than 12 years old are most susceptible to a multisystem inflammatory syndrome, a cluster of symptoms resembling Kawasaki disease. Clotting abnormalities, as shown by an elevated D-dimer level and a prolonged prothrombin time, appear to contribute to increased mortality rates in adults with COVID-19 (Torrentira Jr., 2020).

Also, new techniques for countering COVID-19 are shared constantly. It is recognized that a prone stance increases oxygenation in people with acute lung diseases. During the pandemic, evidence supporting prone positioning as an intervention to reduce intubation and enhance oxygenation was utilized to validate prone positioning. To prevent the transmission of the virus, protocols for social distancing in communal spaces such as schools, workplaces, and hospitals were implemented. Around the Philippines, critical care units (ICUs) that typically encourage family visits have closed their doors. The practicing environment of nurses has been extensively examined. According to research, the work environment influences psychosocial health, interpersonal interactions, and the quality of patient care nurses. In addition, it contributes to nurse burnout, job satisfaction, and patient mortality. In reaction to COVID-19, nurses working in intensive care situations have witnessed some of the most rapid changes.

Overall, nurses have high rates of exposure to infectious diseases. Personal protective equipment (PPE) standards are in place to protect nurses from disease transmission. However, evidence remains mixed on how best to remove soiled PPE and train healthcare workers in correctly applying PPE. During the COVID-19 outbreak, nurses and other healthcare providers have faced a global PPE shortage, and institutions have implemented unconventional practices to conserve and reuse PPE (Sadang et al., 2022).

In the context of these rapid changes and the promotion of practices that were once unheard of, nurses face the potential for physical and psychological distress. More specifically, moral distress occurs when nurses cannot provide compassionate patient care, contributing to nursing burnout and compassion fatigue. In addition to the reuse of PPE, other factors such as the influx of high-acuity patients, the lack of presence of family members, and high patient censuses have contributed to increased moral distress among nurses—psychological stressors related to caring for terminally ill patients who have COVID-19 test nurses' resilience. Caring for dying patients heightens the risks of job burnout and secondary traumatic stress syndrome. Other factors contributing to nursing burnout include unrealistic job expectations, lack of respect, and mismatched values between employees and the organization. On the other hand, personal support and peer relationships have demonstrated positive outcomes related to building resiliency (Walton et al., 2020).

To protect the public and enforce governmental suggestions for social distancing, institutions changed visitation policies to stop family bedside presence from slowing the spread of the virus. This familial distance, along with additional causes of moral distress, such as increased workload, staffing concerns, and the potential for medication errors, is all characteristics of the tumultuous critical care environment during the pandemic (Karimi et al., 2020).

Given critical care nurses' high pre-pandemic levels of moral distress and burnout, the COVID-19 pandemic will tremendously influence intensive care unit (ICU) nurses' mental health and continuation in the ICU workforce. Nurses who worked in ICUs in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic were recruited to complete a survey from October 2020 through early January 2021 through social media and the American Association of Critical-Care Nurses. Three open-ended questions focused on the experiences of ICU nurses during the pandemic. Of the 498 nurses who completed the survey, 285 answered the open-ended questions. Nurses reported stress related to a lack of evidence-based treatment, poor patient prognosis, and lack of family presence in the ICU. Nurses perceived inadequate leadership support and inequity within the health care team. Lack of consistent community support to slow the spread of COVID-19 or recognition that COVID-19 was real increased nurses' feelings of isolation. Nurses reported physical and emotional symptoms, including exhaustion, anxiety, sleeplessness, and moral distress. Fear of contracting COVID-19 or of infecting family and friends was also prevalent. Intensive care unit nurses in the United States experienced an unprecedented and immense burden during the COVID-19 pandemic. Understanding these experiences provides insights into areas that must be addressed to build and sustain an ICU nurse workforce. Further studies are needed to describe nurses' experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic and identify adequate resources supporting ICU nurses' well-being (Guttormson J., 2022).

 The current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has triggered exceptionally rapid changes in the structure of our hospitals. Critical care nurses, directly involved in caring for the most severely affected patients, are experiencing new challenges with implementing new COVID-19 intensive care units (ICUs). At the height of the surge in COVID-19 patients in Italy, the lack of ICU beds and mechanical ventilators meant that our hospital administrators were forced to convert recovery rooms and operating rooms into new COVID-19 ICUs. These COVID-19 units provide the highest isolation precautions and represent the best of our hospitals' logistic capacities. However, the absolute lack of resources has been in "human competence."

The surge in critically ill patients has meant sudden organizational changes imposed by hospital managers to provide an immediate response to this unprecedented human resource crisis in health care. These circumstances have fueled new nursing management challenges and opportunities that deserve our attention. For example, once new ICU beds were designated, critical care nurses were needed to manage patients depending on organ and system support, such as mechanical ventilation, prone positioning, continuous renal replacement therapy, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Managers have enrolled nurses with previous ICU experience and recently graduated nurses to overcome the staff shortage with intensive care nursing competencies. This solution may have lowered the staff skill mix in these ICUs below the required standards, with potential risks to patients' safety and quality of care. For most of the nurses in these COVID-19 ICUs, the long hours while using personal protective equipment (PPE) were associated with adverse consequences such as discomfort, fatigue, and skin damage. Scientific nursing societies should recommend standards for maximum working hours wearing PPE. Nursing managers should adjust day and night shifts, considering the maximum period for wearing PPE. Changes in how the ICU team communicates and the visual and acoustic hindrances caused by PPE should be monitored for potential increased risk for adverse events among patients and healthcare providers.

Nurses' workload should be monitored through validated tools such as the Nursing Activities Score, and the staff skill mix should be adjusted based on the collected data. A recent case series of critically ill patients affected by COVID-19 showed a 33% increase in nursing workload compared with the usual case mix seen with ICU patients in the cases of the impact of COVID-19 on nursing workload and planning and nursing staff on the Intensive Care: A prospective descriptive multicenter study of Hoogendorn et al., 2021. Surveys about nursing activities and nurse-to-patient ratios in COVID-19 ICUs could help establish priorities in managing potential staff shortages.

Experience with staffing during this pandemic can teach us new ways to manage nursing resources in the future. In the study of Barcello et al., 2020, limitations could be instituted to prevent nurses from working solely in a single clinical specialty area or ICU instead of encouraging nurses to change their allocation inside the hospital several times during their careers. A great opportunity is available to increase each nurse's experience and competencies and to improve nurses' skills within multidisciplinary teams. The study emphasized that broadening competencies and skills could benefit nurses, such as higher resilience, increased practical and theoretical knowledge, a more comprehensive view of the clinical and organizational picture, and reduced psychological impact in case of sudden reassignment to a different clinical setting.

         The COVID-19 pandemic crisis resulted in an abrupt paradigm shift in nurses' life in healthcare systems, leading to stressful and overwhelming challenges in their daily battle against this illness. This descriptive phenomenological inquiry explored the meaning of Filipino nurses' work on the frontlines of community quarantine facilities amidst this pandemic health crisis. Using snowballing, a recruitment technique in which research participants are asked to assist researchers in identifying other potential subjects through in-depth interviewing, ten nurses were participants in this study who sought to deeply understand and explain their lived experiences while working in their respective facilities.

                  Three major themes emerged from the data analysis of the transcribed verbatim responses using Colaizzi's approach: Work as self-sacrifice with three sub-themes, work as self-fulfillment with two sub-themes, and Work as a psychological struggle with two sub-themes. The nurses show exemplary professional efforts and sacrifices in their fight against this crisis to overcome challenges in the face of insufficient or unavailable necessary resources. Thus, Sadang 2022 recommends in a study that appropriate authorities must provide extensive support to safeguard nurses' well-being so that they can continue their selfless duty of preventing and curing the illness in our various communities.

This research study aims to understand the lived experiences of nurses working amidst the Covid-19 pandemic. Hence, to develop an enhancement program for nurses' well-being when on duty or faced with a Health Emergency crisis.

Conceptual Framework

The research study used the Twenty-One Nursing Problems Theory, which focuses on human needs, created by Faye Abdella. This theory is typically reviewed and referred to by nursing students in preparation for practice since it explains the optimal methods for providing comprehensive patient care. Nurses, patients, treatment regimens, and societal elements are all involved in comprehensive care. This theory's central tenet is that nursing is an art form of care requiring nurses to have upbeat attitudes, extensive medical knowledge, and specialized skill sets. The concept applies both to the patient and as well as to the nurses providing the care.

Abdellah’s typology of 21 nursing problems is a conceptual model that mainly deals with patients' needs and nurses' role in problem identification using a problem analysis approach. According to the model, patients have physical, emotional, and sociological needs. People are also the only justification for the existence of nursing. Nursing is a profession with people since they are the recipients of nursing. Patient-centered approaches to nursing health are described as a state mutually exclusive of illness. Abdellah does not define health but speaks to “total health needs” and “a healthy state of mind and body" in her nursing description. However, Abdellah conceptualized nurses' actions in nursing care contrary to her aim of categorizing patients' problems as health needs. Nurses' roles were to alleviate the problems assessed through the proposed problem-solving approach.

The basic needs of an individual are to maintain good hygiene and physical comfort; promote optimal health through healthy activities, such as exercise, rest, and sleep; promote safety through the prevention of health hazards like accidents, injury, or other trauma and the prevention of the spread of infection; and maintain good body mechanics and prevent or correct deformity. The theory is intended to guide care not just in the hospital setting but can also be applied to community nursing, according to Gonzalo 2021. The model has interrelated concepts of health and nursing problems and problem-solving, which are inherently logical.

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Abstract

The researchers in this study are perplexed on how will the teacher’s know whether students learned or not. Thomas Reeves (2006) mentioned that the success of any learning environment is determined by the degree to which there is adequate alignment among them is assessment. Astin’s theory (2008) found that engagement is positively related to measures of gains in general abilities. He mentioned that student engagement is positively related to grades when institutional policies and practices are established. In this study, it is hypothesized that when the teacher impose classroom policies the students tend to be more engaged in their tests and have more focused on the test paper they’re taking. Further, it tries to postulate that when students are given rules or policies during testing they tend to have higher performance in their test scores. This study utilized quasi-experimental method participated by 91 students from the College of Teacher Education in University of Cebu-Lapulapu and Mandaue. Purposive sampling was the method of choosing the participants. The results showed that it is evident that students are more engaged when policies are set during examinations. Furthermore, when the teacher is more lenient, the students can get better test results. The results rejected the hypothesis. It is recommendatory to create a booklet for proper test administration handy in classroom setting and researchers may formulate own theory based on the results of the study and by conducting phase 2 of this research.

Keywords: Classroom policies, test taking behaviors, predictors of scores, quasi experiment, student engagement, test performance

A mathematical challenge, I do confess,

A puzzle to solve, and nothing less,

With numbers and symbols, it's quite complex,

But I'll find a solution, with no neglect.

I'll start with a line, and a simple sum,

Adding and subtracting, 'til I've come,

To a solution that's precise and true,

And with this equation, I'll start anew.

A triangle and circle, with an area to find,

A formula to use, and numbers to bind,

A square root and pi, and a bit of fun,

And soon I'll have solved, this math problem done.

With every step, my confidence grows,

And as I solve, my knowledge shows,

That math is a language, both bold and bright,

A tool to explore, and to make things right.

So let's tackle this challenge, with all our might,

And find the answer, with clarity and sight,

For mathematics is a path, to greatness and truth,

And every problem, is a chance for us to prove.

In the realm of knowledge's vast terrain,

Where logic and creativity intertwine,

There lies a realm of wisdom to attain,

Where engineers seek secrets divine.

In halls of learning, where bright minds convene,

Bound by a common thread of innovation,

They delve into sciences, both bold and serene,

Unraveling mysteries, shaping their creation.

Amidst the equations and lines of code,

In labs and workshops, their skills they hone,

They build foundations strong, yet never corrode,

For engineering education is a path well known.

From bridges towering over rivers' flow,

To skyscrapers piercing the boundless sky,

Engineering's canvas reveals its glow,

A testament to minds that dare to fly.

With fervent study, they forge their way,

Through circuits, gears, and thermodynamics,

They challenge conventions, with minds at play,

Transforming dreams into tangible mechanics.

But beyond the equations and the technical art,

Engineering education nurtures more,

It ignites the flame within each heart,

To solve problems and the world restore.

With teamwork as their trusted guide,

They bridge the gaps of societies' need,

Harnessing knowledge and pushing aside,

The limits of what's possible, indeed.

They innovate, they build, they strive,

With hands that shape a future anew,

Engineering education keeps dreams alive,

Enlightening minds with wisdom true.

So raise your voice, aspiring minds,

Embrace the challenges that lie ahead,

For in engineering's realm, destiny finds,

A canvas where dreams are brilliantly spread.

And let this ode echo through the years,

Inspiring those who dare to explore,

Engineering education, a symphony that steers,

Humanity's progress, forevermore.

The hospitality industry thrives on creating unforgettable experiences for people from all walks of life. In today's globalized world, embracing diversity is crucial for success in this sector. This essay explores the importance of diversity in hospitality and its impact on businesses, employees, and customers. Diversity in hospitality encompasses cultural backgrounds, age, gender, race, and sexual orientation. By embracing diversity, companies can better understand and appreciate different customs, traditions, and preferences. This cultural awareness allows organizations to provide personalized experiences that resonate with a diverse customer base, enhancing satisfaction and fostering loyalty.

Furthermore, diversity fosters innovation and creativity. When individuals from diverse backgrounds collaborate, they bring unique perspectives, experiences, and ideas. This diversity of thought drives innovation, leading to new solutions and improved services. Organizations that embrace diversity gain access to a wide range of talents and ideas, giving them a competitive advantage. Diversity also enhances employee engagement and retention. When organizations prioritize diversity and inclusion, they create an environment where employees feel important, valued, and respected. This inclusive culture boosts employee engagement, motivation, and loyalty. Engaged employees provide exceptional customer service, resulting in higher customer satisfaction and repeat business. From a business perspective, diversity expands market reach. Customers from different backgrounds seek inclusive and culturally sensitive services in today's interconnected world. Organizations attract a broader customer base by creating an environment that welcomes everyone. Positive word-of-mouth recommendations enhance the business's reputation, increasing customer loyalty and market share. Embracing diversity in hospitality is a strategic imperative and an ethical responsibility. By prioritizing diversity and inclusion, organizations contribute to a more equitable society. This commitment to ethical practices builds trust among employees and customers, fostering enduring relationships and enhancing the industry's reputation.

In conclusion, embracing diversity in hospitality is crucial for success and inclusivity. Organizations thrive in an interconnected world by promoting cultural understanding, fostering innovation, nurturing employee engagement, expanding market reach, and upholding ethical practices. Embracing diversity is a moral imperative and a fundamental driver for long-term growth and sustainability in hospitality.

In a hotel, the supervisor waits,

At the front desk, where guests congregate.

With a friendly smile and a helping hand,

He guides visitors from across the land.

From morning till night, he's always there,

Assisting guests with kindness and care.

Booking rooms and answering questions,

Ensuring everyone's satisfaction.

Behind the desk, he manages it all,

Handling tasks with a confident call.

Assigning rooms and checking folks in,

Making sure their stay is a joyful win.

Like a conductor, he leads the way,

Balancing requests throughout the day.

Patient and kind, he solves any strife,

Creating a memorable stay in life.

The front desk supervisor, a true friend,

Supporting guests until their stay ends.

With simple words and a heart so true,

He makes each visit special for you.

Due to the increased number of learners who are not proficient in reading and the many beliefs of the best practices to help struggling readers, SDO Talugtug Annex seeks to determine the best methods to implement to help struggling readers reach proficiency in reading. Looking at our education system has challenged the project to focus on getting struggling readers. ​

    Learners come into the classroom daily with many challenges and struggle to grow academically. Some learners have living situations that have influenced their reading proficiency. These include parents that work long hours, parents who speak limited English, parents who have medical conditions that prevent family involvement, and even parents who are not proficient in reading. The problem happens when students fall behind because they need help with homework and comprehension. Assignments can affect all other subjects in school. ​

    To enhance the literacy skill of the learners of SDO Talugtug Annex and ensure the efficiency of Reading Intervention Programs applied in the schools, Project SAGIP ( ). This program is supplementary to an existing literacy curriculum provided to learners to enhance and increase reading and literacy levels. Programs can be administered through EGRA and PHILIRRI this School Year as we are bridging the gap and losses from the past two years.​

Its Primary goals are.

1. Explore effective teaching strategies that are implemented with struggling readers, ​

2. Find activities that motivate struggling readers, and ​

3) investigate the role of teachers in the development of struggling readers.​

Processes and Strategies Used ​

1. LAC Sessions on Learning and Reading Interventions ​

2. Assigning teachers as the process observers and reading teachers​

3. Data profiling of students for intervention class ​

4. Preparation of Reading Intervention materials ​

5. Intensifying the Home Learning Spaces as Parents serve as Reading Tutors​

6. Answering queries of students or parents (Reading teachers)​

7. Checking of learners' outputs ​

8. Assessment of learners' outputs ​

9. Asking for Feedback and Reflection on all the processes ​

10. Home Visitation​

            Reading intervention strategies can be helpful for readers who are having trouble. It's critical to determine the best approach for each kid before offering them a ton of support to help them advance. Together, teachers and parents should decide on the most effective intervention plan and keep cheering the student on as they progress.

Interventions used to support readers who are having difficulties in some way include reading intervention tactics. There may be various reasons a kid is having trouble reading, but educators can support these pupils in developing their reading abilities by implementing reading intervention tactics. Word decoding difficulties, poor comprehension, and sluggish reading fluency are common causes of reading difficulties in students.

 Helping pupils who struggle with reading requires the use of reading intervention tools. Teachers can assist these pupils in strengthening their reading abilities and developing into good readers by utilizing targeted interventions tailored to the student's needs. Parents and Teachers must work collaboratively to decide which is the best strategy for the learner, and they must provide more support to help them improve their reading skills.

To lead people through incredible change, organizations rely on effective leadership. However, plenty of support suggests that even some of the most well-established companies need help adjusting to shifting circumstances, properly carrying out their strategic plans, or getting ready for the future.

How can the company decrease the risks associated with a poor leadership strategy and better prepare its current and future leaders for unforeseen changes? A leadership strategy is a road map that connects expenditures on leadership development to the company's process, objectives, and aspirations.

 To accomplish the intended results, a leadership strategy specifies the types, numbers, locations, abilities, and behaviors of the leaders that are required, both individually and collectively.

 It also points out additional concerns the company must consider, like whether its current talent management practices—such as onboarding and performance evaluation—support the culture and leadership it wants to foster.

 A leader must know the value of a clear business plan. Only some people, however, consider the leadership approach required to make it happen.

Organizations frequently continue to use an outdated list of leadership skills (or keep adding to their current list) instead of updating it. Others design overly generic talent programs by neglecting to consider the unique business strategies of their corporation.

 This disjointed approach to building organizational and individual leadership won't give senior management, emerging talent, or everyday leaders the tools they need to adapt to change and achieve new objectives.

The leadership gap should be considered when creating bold plans that necessitate a change in the organization's capabilities or direction. After identifying the significant drivers, one of the first questions to ask is what ramifications your leadership strategy will have. The consequences of your leadership strategy may be as follows, for instance, if your firm is focused on becoming more innovative:

• Increased interdependence among leaders to foster more efficient cross-functional collaboration in the launch of new products.

• The requirement for greater leadership involvement across functions in obtaining customer insights and converting these into successful concepts for new goods.

• Predicting how a quickly expanding product portfolio would affect cash, space, and talent.

   A cultural transformation is necessary to replace a risk-averse culture with encouraging innovation. The leadership strategy implications are more detailed, reflecting the opportunities and problems that surround the primary drivers.             The major drivers and the corresponding business strategy should have apparent consequences for the effective leadership practices that the organization's leaders must adopt.

Ultimately, leadership development activities should be planned to ensure that both individual leaders and the organization's overall leadership are ready to implement the most crucial strategies related to the main drivers.

First, you must thoroughly grasp leadership in your business before you can set a leadership plan. Individual talent and competencies are where this starts, but that differs from where it ends. Whether you succeed in achieving your goals depends on the capacity of official and informal leaders to collaborate.

The five elements should be considered in a comprehensive leadership plan that converts these strategy drivers into particular action: the number of leaders needed, as indicated by current and projected leadership positions must see on an organization chart (number, level, location, function, business unit, and reporting relationships). 

A cultural makeover is required to shift from a risk-averse to an innovative culture. The leadership strategy's consequences would be far more in-depth, reflecting the possibilities and issues that surround the main drivers. Effective leadership practices that the organization's leaders must embrace should follow naturally from the primary drivers and the accompanying business plan.

Finally, leadership development initiatives should be designed to ensure that both individual leaders and the general leadership of the business are prepared to carry out the essential tactics about the primary drivers.

Before you can create a leadership plan, you must understand leadership in your company. Although this begins with individual talent and skills, it does not end there. The ability of quality leaders to work together ultimately determines whether you are successful in attaining your goals.

 A thorough leadership plan that transforms these strategy drivers into particular action should consider the following five components: Developing the leadership strategy needed to implement the business strategy takes careful planning, dedicated effort, and commitment from your organization.

However, by going through the leadership strategy development process, you may create an organizational culture that can succeed strategically and more focused, effective leadership development.

For organizations to navigate through extraordinary change, capable leadership is essential. But there is sufficient proof that even some of the most renowned businesses struggle to adapt to change, successfully carry out their strategic plans, or plan for an uncertain future. The ability of quality leaders to work together ultimately determines whether you are successful in attaining your goals. What can your organization do better to prepare its present and future leaders for unforeseen developments and minimize the risks associated with a quality leadership strategy?

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The importance of utilizing research talents and potential is clearly illustrated by the country's higher education institutions.

When researchers' abilities and resources are fully utilized, they produce excellent results and receive recognition. Individual researchers and research colleagues benefit from them in terms of self-esteem and real repute. They have been able to achieve desired accomplishments and appreciation by combining and working together despite facing severe research problems and fears and harmonizing with competing research ideas.

Because the college and university engage, influence, and empower staff and student researchers, all of these fantastic chances have helped the programs to the fullest extent possible. To maximize their usefulness, existing research infrastructures and library resources are made available. According to George Soros, an American philanthropist, and billionaire, "It is far easier to put existing resources to greater use than it is to build resources where they do not exist.

"When all concerted efforts of university leaders are specified and enforced, meeting research goals and objectives are easily achieved." This is consistent with Helen Keller, a blind American educator, who famously stated, "Together we can do so much."

The strong and constant support from the research units is noteworthy. Concerned officers and support staff are constantly providing needed research resources and providing imperative quality services, guided by the university's policies and thrusts, in order to meet the university's research goals and to be on par with the demands and aspirations of colleges and universities.

Promoting research productivity and engaging in community extension programs are relevant leveraging practice. Faculty and student researchers do research that is both institutionally and externally supported, as well as academically obligatory, with community extension projects in mind. These community-based and socially conscious programs are designed, planned, and implemented to assist alleviate poverty and improve dependency and self-reliance among barangay residents.

To meet the needs of project participants, researchers and extensionists must make use of available resources. In distributing knowledge and skill training, they demonstrate solidarity, fearlessness, and ingenuity. Meeting the needs of the community remains a major challenge. However, research leaders, professors, students, and employees must approach the problem with caution.

Researchers must commit to creating more relevant, high-quality research while utilizing the university's human resources and academic infrastructure, as inspired by the concept of leveraging. Motivated by this concept, dedicated researchers 

Rationale

         Peace education is a concept that is difficult to define. As a new pedagogical field,  advocates has been perceived differently, as its concept is diffult to delineat. To get the definitions of peace education depend on the context and the purpose for which it is implemented.needed to be integrated to the curriculum in the basic educational level because beginning from the time that the child’s growth, it is obligatory task on the part of the family to motivate and educate their children through the concepts of peace education. Peace education is more effective and meaningful when it is taught considering that the social and cultural aspect and the needs of the community and the country as a whole. Its cultural and spiritual values should be imparted to elementary pupils because of its universal application.

Peace education has no universally accepted definition as such. But on its basic concepts and to understand its meaning De Torres, (2008) defined it that, peace education is a remedial measure to protect children from falling into the ways of violence in the society. Peace education aims to the total development of the child. It attempts to instill higher human and social values in the mind of the child. It is important that it develops a set of behavioral skills as a way of peaceful living and peace building so that all human being will benefit. Consistently “A sourcebook in Peace Education” by De Torres and I quote, peace education is also aimed to prevent a conflict in advance or rather to educate individuals and a society for a peaceful existence on the basis of nonviolence, tolerance, equality, respect for differences, and social justice. Peace education is considered to be a philosophy and involving skills, including listening, reflection, problem-solving, cooperation and conflict resolution.

To understand more about the concept of peace education is not only on a part of the formal course work. Its scope has no process of giving examination and certification

to children. Its foundations conviction, understanding and appreciating its need in the                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     individual, community, national and global life. In a teaching process to formal teaching, pupils in elementary level will be taught the values of education as one to develop the                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           culture of peace in school and in society as a whole, while in non-formal teaching at home parents are trying to motivate in teaching child by way of telling a story about the life of our forefathers before on how they create their unity and social mutual relationships  . In the manner of Muslim peoples in the country, Islam teaches Muslims to maintain in uttering or greeting peace to every muslim individuals when one meet with one brother muslim by saying “Salaam to you “ which means peace is upon you. It is suggested that during teaching in classroom, teacher should start to greet or say salaam before entering to the class, so that the pupils/students will also return by saying salaam too. In this short of dealing with one another establishes peace in between them. 

         The development of the culture of peace in school or in other places is an arduous task. But to meet its vision, it is recommended for this time on the part of Maranao Muslims that peace education will be taught absolutely in many different settings, from elementarey school to secondary and beyond. On the side of the community groups they must have to teach peace education to adults or to children. This is in line on the observation that most of the Muslims in Mindanao particularly Maranao peoples have undermined to maintained in applying their culture of peace system and determined the result of any forms of violence, conflicts, and war which will harass and destroy the whole community.                                                                                                                                         

         With all of this information mentioned above, it is suggested that the perents, teachers, administrators to establish and maintain a move to make the pupils understand the concepts patriotism and  unity especially during in teaching elementary grade pupils. 

Theoretical Framework

         In this study, there are similarities and differences of theories which is believed important to this present study.  This theories may be contributed to the frequent and                                                                                                                                             

common understanding on the concepts of this study, these are theories of learning such as association/behavior theories and Gestalt theories, and Gordon Allport’s theory.

         The theories of learning will be classified on two major position held by their components of behavior. These are the association or behavior theories and the cognitive or Gestalt theories.  According to the association theories, learning occurs when a                                                                                                                                             

connection or bond between a stimulus (S) and a response (R) is to be established. This stimulus is directly connected with a particular response. In school, teacher’s function is to establish this bond. Relating to the behavior of individual person before the conflict happen, stimulus represent the person as the one creating trouble and the response represent the person as the victim of the trouble. While the cognitivist or gestalt its do not focus on the stimulus and the response but on mental process. Conflict is a part of life, when a person thinks to do good or bad attitude and do it on the time is what comes from his/her mind.

         There are principles and approaches which are similar to the principles of peace education. In schools peace education, from the very beginning of development of peace education, there should be discussion about whether it should be added as a separate study in the schools, or if the principles of peace education should be applied through the regular school subjects. These different approaches and attitudes on what peace education actually is leads to the introduction of a kind of titles, such as multicultural training, education for democracy and human rights, and education for development. The implementation of the principles of peace education to make into institutionalized                                                                                                                                       educational system is a better approach, especially within the subjects encompassing the cultural heritage of the dominant society and the ethnic groups belonging to it.One-way approach on the role of peace education concerning conflict encountered as it is known in the first place its nature is neither good nor bad. Conflict may be held in                                                                                                                                              interpersonal or intergroup level. It describes an imbalance or an existence of different between the needs and interests of two sides. Conflict sometimes become negative only when the answer to a conflict is aggression. On the other side, it is possible, however, to resolve the difference positively, by recognizing the problem and recognizing one’s own                                                                                                                                            needs and interests and also acknowledging the needs of the opposing sides. In this way, possible non-violent resolution should be constructed to stop the conflict. An important aspect of conflict is that it includes potential for change, and it is in this context that peace education addresses the issues of conflict and conflict by teaching students how to take creative approaches to the conflict and how to find different possibilities for the resolution. Thus students gain knowledge and skills that encourage personal growth and development, contribute to self-esteem and respect of others, and develop competence for a nonviolent approach to future conflict situations. (UNESCO)

The Gordon Allport’s theory whose main goal is to establish principles of change the relationships between groups in conflict. According to his theory, for the intergroup contact to be successful and accomplish positive changes in attitude and behavior, it must fulfill four basic conditions such as: 1) the contact groups must be of equal status; 2) the contact must be personal and manifold;3) the group must depend on each other working for a superordinate goal; and 4) there must be institutional support for the equality norm. This theory and approach should be implemented for several re-search and resulted to have cognitive, affective, and behavioral moved to make successful for the contact.

Based on the contact hypothesis, a very successful technique is to develop for improving the relations among groups, highly applicable as a general teaching and learning method. This is viewed as the cooperative learning techniques in which a smaller group of students study in face-to-face interaction, cooperating to complete a                                                                                                                                              

common task. This technique will be very successful both in lower and higher grades of elementary school, not only as a teaching method but also for creating a positive atmosphere in the classroom, reinforcing students relationships, and creating intergroup friendships.

         On the other hand, based on the idea that adopting knowledge and developing skills is the basis for gaining positive attitudes and behavior, which is called as intercultural training programs will be also developed. Since there are differences in cultures this lead to a misunderstandings and even conflicts between groups so that it takes the group to create new techniques to realize a positive approach. Thus, educating students about both cultural similarities and differences is a significant factor in reducing prejudices.

         The above cited theories serve as background knowledge in understanding the nature of Peace Education development towards culture development and how it is integrated to curriculum in teaching subjects to elementary pupils which support the present study.

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Abstract

This study determined the nurses’ stress management and coping strategies in the workplace during the COVID-19 pandemic. It dealt on the respondents’ profile in terms of their age, gender, civil status, highest educational attainment, number of years in service, area of assignment, and type of hospital where employed.

Descriptive research design was utilized in the study and utilized the questionnaire as the main data gathering tool. Several statistical tools were utilized like the frequency and percentage, weighted mean, Scheffe test and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA),

The nurse respondents were adults, female dominated, not in marital relationship, did not pursue their masteral degrees, assigned in the emergency room, have been in that institution for long years, and most are employed in private hospitals.

The nurses must continue their higher level of learning for them to enrich their knowledge and skills in identifying the stressors encountered in the workplace. The respondents must accept that stressors are normal part of their clinical duties for reasons that they attend to different types of patients with different illnesses. The nurses must cope up and use other strategies to minimize stress in the workplace and thereby give their best care to their patients. Young female nurses must improve their stress management practices to coping the stress during the COVID 19 pandemic. Regardless of length of service and area of employment, nurses must practice stress management in the workplace brought about by the pandemic.

Keywords: coping strategies, COVID-19, management, stress, workplace,

Chapter 1

Introduction

Background of the Study

Every individual experiences stress. It helps motivate a person to get things done. Even high stress from serious illness in the workplace, job loss, a death in the family, or a painful life event is a natural part of life. A person may feel down or anxious, which is typical for a while. Consulting a health care provider can be done if an individual feels down or anxious for several weeks or if it interferes with home or work life. Therapy, medication, and other strategies can help (Ragland, 2021).

Stress management is the range of techniques, ways, and therapies to help people control their stress. It can include lowering acute stress but is often aimed at decreasing chronic stress to improve health, happiness, and overall well-being. All individuals experience stress in life. Because many health problems are caused by stress, it is essential to know how stress affects your body and learn effective stress management ways to make it work for you rather than against you. Stress is the body's response to changes in life. Throughout life, change is inevitable. Stress is unavoidable, whether it's a slight shift in daily routine like commuting to work or a significant life event such as marriage or losing a loved one.

Stress is perceived differently by each of us; it affects us all in unique ways. One person may experience headaches, while another may find stomach cramps are a common reaction, and others may experience other symptoms (Scott, 2022).

Nurses' intense psychological and emotional stress during the COVID-19 pandemic affects their well-being and work efficiency. Stress-management activities are necessary to enhance coping and decrease stress effects. It is essential to examine the management behaviour of nurses during the pandemic to improve their well-being. The scale of the COVID-19 pandemic, regarding the number of cases and countries affected, leaves an impression that 'no one is safe,' as it affects the lives and health of more than one million people globally. Healthcare workers, like nurses as front liners, face physical and emotional harm from the increased workload and psychological burden. As the COVID-19 crisis continues, the burden of stress will persist. The surge of physical and emotional harm to healthcare workers is epidemic (Dabou et al., 2022).

Research shows that extreme pressure in the workplace can hamper productivity and motivation. Overly stressed employees may become reluctant to participate in teamwork. Poor work performance and impulsive actions are commonplace, as is an increase in the usage of substances like nicotine and alcohol in order to cope. Long-term issues from workplace stress include cardiovascular diseases and immune deficiency. Poor mental health may also be triggered by chronic workplace stress. Work relationships can leave employees feeling isolated. Conflict with co-workers can leave employees anxious and tired about coming to work. A non-inclusive 'cliquey' workplace can also be a source of stress. Employees should be included in social groups at work to maintain employee relations. Team members need to build a sense of belonging and feel valued. Managers need more support, training, and direction to avoid work confusion.     Uncertainty around employee responsibilities and duties can be a source of frustration. Many jobs have placed growing pressure on employees to work longer and harder. Companies expect their employees to complete massive volumes of work in a short amount of time. These high expectations and heavy workloads can contribute to significant employee strain (Eatough, 2021).

It has been observed that nurses have some dilemmas as to whether they are willing to continue doing their job due to fatigue and fear of potential infection and its medical consequences. It is highlighted in the International Council of Nurses (ICN) report, showing that nurses worldwide are currently experiencing psychological trauma, which may ultimately cause a direct threat to the nursing profession and health care systems.

It has been observed that nurses have some dilemmas as to whether they are willing to continue doing their job due to fatigue and fear of potential infection and its medical consequences. It is highlighted in the International Council of Nurses (ICN) report, showing that nurses worldwide are currently experiencing psychological trauma, which may ultimately cause a direct threat to the nursing profession and health care systems.

The ICN admits that stress experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic affects more than 50% of American nurses; 49% of Brazilian nurses report anxiety and 25% depression; 60% of Chinese nurses feel exhausted, and 90% suffer from anxiety; Spanish nurses report symptoms of anxiety and growing burnout; and 40% Israeli nurses are afraid of providing care for COVID-19 patients. The International Council of Nurses anticipates a global deficit of nursing staff in the upcoming decades, and the traumatic effect of the COVID-19 pandemic may significantly contribute to this phenomenon (Sierakowska & Doroszkiewics, 2022).

During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, it is understandable that nurses are working under stressful conditions. Successful use of effective coping strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic will help nurses to manage stressful conditions.   The study by Sehularo et al. (2021) identified the following strategies: the use of COVID-19 protective measures, avoidance strategy, social support, faith-based practices, psychological support, and management support are used by nurses as coping strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic. It concluded that the use of the identified coping strategies by nurses may reduce stress and burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic. Recommendations were made for future research, nursing education, and practice.

Dabou et al. (2022) conducted their study on work-related stress management behaviours of nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Arab Emirates. The study's findings accentuate work-related stress caused by the current pandemic. It indicated that delegation of responsibilities and developing resilience were helpful interventions to manage work-related stress. Therefore, organizations should increase their commitment to building systemic and individual resilience to enhance the well-being of their staff. An adequate staff-patient ratio could also facilitate delegation and reduce workload and stress for nurses.

Any existing wellness programs should be strengthened and maintained. Regular assessment of the psychological needs of nurses is essential, and hospitals could allocate funds to support those who experience the physical and mental health effects of COVID-19 services. Furthermore, healthcare organizations can establish mechanisms that allow healthcare workers to advocate for themselves and their patients without fear of reprisal (Dabou et al. 2022).

Khanal et al. (2020) examined the impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of front-line care providers. Accordingly, the authors found a significant proportion of anxiety, depression, and insomnia symptoms during the early phase of the pandemic. Nurses had higher odds of developing stress than other health workers. They suggested that the mental well-being of health workers could be improved through stigma reduction, providing protective measures, and personal and family support for those with a history of mental health issues.

Sierakowska and Doroszkiewics (2022) studied the coping strategies among nurses, and the findings revealed that the respondents represented a high level of stress related to their work experience as a nurse, the number of hours worked a month, and self-assessed health status. They declared an average sense of self-efficacy, which significantly depended on the nurses' places of employment. Out of stress coping strategies (Mini-COPE), the younger nurses mentioned venting, instrumental support, a sense of humour, and self-blame. Practice nurses also chose the strategy of behavioural disengagement, and nurse managers chose the planning strategy.

Their concluded experience of the COVID-19 pandemic highlights the need to implement some strategies to protect nurses' mental health and to take extensive prevention measures in critical situations. Particular attention should be given to younger nurses with shorter work experience. It is also essential to monitor nurses' working time and health status, and those who work at outpatient healthcare institutions should be given more support and information.

Zhang et al. (2020) studied nurses' stress and coping strategies in China. They found that participants with longer working hours in COVID-19 quarantine units presented higher emotional exhaustion and depersonalization. Participants with younger ages experienced higher emotional exhaustion and less personal accomplishment. Nurses in this study experienced considerable stress, and the most frequently reported stressors were related to families. Nurses who were younger and working longer shifts tended to present higher burnout levels. Psychological support strategies must be organized and implemented to improve mental health among nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic (Zhang et al., 2020).

A Gallup survey revealed that the stress of the daily grind is taking its toll on Filipino workers. Half of the 1,000 Filipinos aged 15 years and above surveyed said "yes" to questions that sought to answer whether they experienced stress most of the day. The pain from work has caused leaders to invent new strategies to get as far from work as possible. Movements to attain 'work-life balance,' implement four-day workweeks, and expand remote work are now everywhere. Engaged employees are highly involved and enthusiastic about their work and Workplace (Royandoyan, 2022).

The American Psychological Association survey found that 31% of employees felt stressed out during their workday. Workplace stress management and wellness programs can lower the degree and cause of stress and restore a staff's depleted psychological resources. Our brains are constantly flooded with higher demands and information, causing stress and reducing our ability to focus and solve problems. We can take many steps to avoid or lessen stress, including promoting positive emotions, physical care of our brain, and becoming more organized (Sutton, 2021).

An inexpensive and wildly successful option to help employees reduce stress in the workplace is to offer flextime. Today's workforce has undoubtedly evolved from the very standard and restrictive 9-to-5. Most professionals today thrive on flexibility and the power to get work done when and where they feel most creative and productive. The workforce has a mix of young and old professionals. The bottom line, everyone flourishes on their schedule, and flextime gives everyone the freedom to choose their work hours and improve their work-life balance (APA, 2018).

Research conducted by Scott et al., 2022 has indicated that stressed Americans at work are high—and getting higher. According to a survey of over 2,000 full-time U.S. employees, ages 18-79, over half of the employees are stressed during at least 60 per cent of the week. Work stress has essential health consequences that range from relatively benign (like getting colds and flu) to severe (such as heart disease and metabolic syndrome). While stress at work is expected, finding a minimal-stress job is hard (if not impossible). A more realistic way is to adopt effective coping strategies to lower stress at the current job. Steps to manage work stress by sticking to a positive morning routine, getting clear on work requirements, adopting more brilliant time management techniques, and other strategies can help. Interpersonal conflict takes a toll on physical and emotional health. Conflict among colleagues can be difficult to escape, so it is a good idea to avoid conflict at work as much as possible.

Individuals experience stress because of their boss's or supervisors' poor management at work. Others blamed it on job demands such as "deadlines" and "being behind schedule," while some attributed it to their co-workers. About 70 per cent of Filipino Gen Zs and 63 per cent of millennials feel burnout because of their workload demands. In the workplace, stress is an issue that is often disregarded until someone breaks. Like diseases, taking preventive steps to avoid extreme stress is wiser than dealing with it when the last straw breaks. In order to prevent and manage stress, it is therefore essential to understand the causes of stress. It is a personal experience caused by pressure or demands on an individual and impacts his coping ability. Work-related stress occurs when the demands of the job and the capabilities and resources of the employee to meet those demands do not match. Whatever it is, the adverse effects of stress should never be ignored (So-an, 2018).

Spirituality has many benefits for relief from stress and overall mental health. It can help a person with the following ways to relieve stress: a) Feel a sense of purpose by cultivating spirituality may help uncover what is most meaningful in life. By clarifying what is most important, a person can focus less on unimportant things and eliminate stress. b) Connect to the world- the more a person feels to have a purpose in the world, the less solitary he/she may feel — even when alone. This can lead to valuable inner peace during difficult times. c) Release control- When a person feels part of a greater whole, he may realize he is not responsible for everything in life. He can share the burden of tough times and the joys of life's blessings with those around him. d) Expand your support network- whether you find spirituality in a church, family, or on nature walks with a friend, sharing spiritual expression can help build relationships. e) Lead a healthier life- people who consider themselves spiritual may better cope with stress and experience health benefits (Sparks, 2019).

For this reason, the researcher conducted the study to determine the stress management and coping strategies among nurses in selected public and private hospitals in Eastern Pangasinan.

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In this age of circuits and binary code,

Love finds a way, in a world bestowed.

Amidst the screens and digital embrace,

A tale of hearts, in a virtual space.

Connections forged through cables and wires,

Love transcends distance, ignites fires.

From pixels and avatars, emotions arise,

In this realm where love never dies.

Algorithms analyze and hearts entwine,

As AI algorithms seek a love so fine.

Matching souls, compatibility defined,

Love's pursuit takes on a digital grind.

Through chat boxes and emoticons sent,

Feelings expressed, with sentiments unbent.

Virtual hugs and kisses, exchanged with care,

Love's language, in bits and bytes we share.

Yet, let us remember, though virtual it seems,

Love still yearns for touch, in tender dreams.

For in the depths of human hearts, it's true,

Physical connection adds depth to love's hue.

So let us embrace this age of AI's might,

But cherish the moments in each other's sight.

For love's essence lies in the touch and feel,

In the warmth of a hand, a love that's real.

In this union of love and technology's reign,

May hearts find solace, amidst the digital terrain.

For love knows no bounds, in any age or stage,

And in the AI era, it continues to engage.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a hot topic that has captured significant media attention and generated considerable discussion among experts simply because it transforms people's lives. AI offers many opportunities to save time and money, such as creating and enhancing content for a Facebook reel, improving students' outputs, and generating specialized meal guides for people on a diet. There are indeed a lot of endless possibilities AI can have for people. Now, here's the more critical concern, with the world's population expected to reach 10 billion by 2050 (FAO, 2023), can people harness the potential of AI to ensure food security?

This increase in the number of mouths to feed would challenge the agriculture sector, translating into increased pressure on the planet's limited resources such as water, soil, air, and biodiversity. The unsustainable practices of conventional agriculture have resulted in several problems, including soil erosion, water and air pollution, and losing important flora and fauna essential for breeding new varieties and breeds of crops and animals, respectively. The agriculture sector should therefore adopt practices that would boost crop yields and make farming sustainable in the long run. This is where AI could come in. Farmers should utilize AI to increase profits, reduce waste and improve resource management. These are the three primary aims of a type of agriculture that would satisfy the needs of the people who would exist in 2050 and beyond.

Here's how farmers can tap AI to transform agriculture based on the three objectives I have presented above. First, farmers can utilize AI for precision agriculture, a farming approach that could optimize yield but reduce the wastage of production inputs. Through AI, drones could apply the optimum amount of water and fertilizers in various parts of the field depending on the area's soil moisture and nutrient levels. The exact amount and type of pesticides also could be applied since farmers can train AI to identify what insect pests are infesting and diagnose what disease is affecting the crop, thus reducing the indiscriminate application of these harmful substances to the environment. Second, AI can monitor and analyze the growth of crops, which would help farmers decide what interventions to employ if something untoward is happening. Third, farmers can use AI for yield prediction. It can forecast yield by analyzing environmental parameters like soil moisture and weather conditions. Fourth, the development of improved varieties of crops will be made easier by AI as it can analyze and identify desirable traits of plants for breeding purposes. Fifth, the supply chain is optimized with AI to avoid inefficiencies in the transportation and storage of agricultural products that result in losses along the supply chain. Finally, climate modeling is possible with AI. With our climate worsening, it is imperative to anticipate future climate conditions and adapt them to food production. Farmers raising animals can also apply all the above possibilities in crops in their herds to improve productivity, minimize wastage and manage the resources that the whole ecosystem depends on.

Although promising, AI adoption in agriculture has potential drawbacks and challenges. First, the cost of adopting the technology is enormous, which is beyond the reach of resource-poor farmers. Second, there is the potential displacement of jobs that would significantly affect unskilled workers. Thus, government intervention is needed to ensure that the benefits of AI technology are shared equally with all farming stakeholders.

As I have mentioned in my opening statement, AI is the talk of the town today. It will likely continue to the future because of the continuing research conducted to refine existing ones further and discover potential ones.

Indigenous knowledge, often referred to as traditional knowledge, encompasses the accumulated wisdom, practices, and beliefs developed by indigenous communities over generations. It is deeply rooted in local environments, cultures, and traditions, and plays a crucial role in the sustainability and resilience of indigenous peoples' ways of life. In the digital era, with the rapid advancement of technology and increasing global connectivity, indigenous knowledge faces both opportunities and challenges. This essay delves into the complexities of balancing innovation and traditional practices in the context of indigenous knowledge in the digital era.

Indigenous communities have been utilizing digital technologies to document, preserve, and transmit their traditional knowledge to future generations. Digital platforms, such as websites, apps, and multimedia, provide opportunities for indigenous peoples to share their traditional knowledge and cultural practices with a broader audience. This can contribute to the revitalization and preservation of indigenous languages, cultural heritage, and ecological knowledge. Digital technologies can also facilitate networking and collaboration among indigenous communities, fostering the exchange of knowledge and experiences.

Furthermore, digital technologies have the potential to empower indigenous communities economically. E-commerce, online marketplaces, and digital marketing can create economic opportunities for indigenous artisans, farmers, and entrepreneurs to market their products and services to a wider customer base. This can provide economic benefits and enhance the livelihoods of indigenous people, contributing to their socio-economic development and empowerment. Additionally, digital technologies can support indigenous-led initiatives, such as community-based tourism or sustainable resource management, which align with their traditional practices and values.

However, the integration of digital technologies into indigenous knowledge systems also raises concerns and challenges. One of the main concerns is the potential for misappropriation and misrepresentation of indigenous knowledge in the digital space. There have been instances of unauthorized use, exploitation, and misinterpretation of indigenous knowledge and cultural expressions in digital platforms, leading to issues of intellectual property rights, cultural appropriation, and unethical practices. It is essential to respect indigenous peoples' rights, consent, and ownership over their knowledge and cultural heritage in the digital realm.

Another challenge is the potential for erosion and dilution of traditional practices and knowledge due to digital influences. Digital technologies can sometimes prioritize Western knowledge systems and practices over indigenous ones, leading to the assimilation and loss of indigenous knowledge and cultural diversity. There is a risk of the homogenization of indigenous knowledge, as it is translated into digital formats or adapted to fit into mainstream digital platforms. It is crucial to balance the integration of digital technologies with the preservation of traditional practices and knowledge, respecting the cultural integrity and uniqueness of indigenous knowledge systems.

Additionally, there are issues of access and inclusion in the digital era. Indigenous communities often face challenges in accessing digital technologies due to factors such as remoteness, lack of infrastructure, low literacy rates, and economic disparities. The digital divide can further marginalize indigenous peoples and exclude them from the benefits of digitalization. It is crucial to ensure that digital initiatives are inclusive, and culturally appropriate, and consider the specific needs and aspirations of indigenous communities, with meaningful participation and involvement of indigenous peoples in decision-making processes.

In conclusion, the digital era presents both opportunities and challenges for indigenous knowledge. While digital technologies can provide avenues for the documentation, preservation, and promotion of indigenous knowledge, they also pose risks of misappropriation, erosion, and exclusion. Balancing innovation and traditional practices is crucial to ensure that the integration of digital technologies respects and upholds the rights, values, and aspirations of indigenous peoples. It requires a culturally sensitive, inclusive, and ethical approach that prioritizes indigenous peoples' self-determination, ownership, and agency in the digital era.

This study aims to explore the educational significance of mathematics education for young children through play. By demonstrating the positive effects of incorporating play into the mathematics curriculum, this paper highlights the importance of fostering a child-centered educational environment that promotes both understanding of mathematical concepts and enjoyment for young learners. This study also examines the way playful mathematics education can be integrated into preschool and kindergarten settings in order to build a strong foundation for future mathematical learning.

Mathematics education is a crucial aspect of young children's development as it helps them understand and interact with the world around them. In recent years, attention has focused on the importance of incorporating play into early childhood education, particularly in the field of mathematics. This paper will explore the educational significance of play in early childhood mathematics education by examining the benefits, limitations, and strategies for implementation.

Benefits of Playful Mathematics Education

1. Enhanced Learning Motivation and Engagement

Integrating play into the mathematics curriculum sparks children's curiosity and intrinsic motivation. This is important for creating an engaging and enjoyable learning experience, which helps learners become more actively involved in the learning process.

2. Development of Critical Thinking and Problem-Solving Skills

Playful activities encourage young learners to think critically, reason logically, and solve problems creatively. This is essential in promoting a deeper understanding of mathematical concepts and the development of their cognitive skills.

3. Social and Emotional Development

When children engage in play-based mathematics activities, they have the opportunity to collaborate with their peers, communicate their ideas and views, and express their emotions. This helps to strengthen their social skills and emotional intelligence.

Limitations of Playful Mathematics Education

While play is an essential component of early childhood education, there are some challenges in effectively implementing playful mathematics education. Some of these limitations include:

1. Lack of Proper Guidance and Support

Educators must be able to provide appropriate guidance to children during play-based activities so that they can achieve meaningful learning experiences. This requires adequate training and resources for teachers.

2. Balancing Play and Learning

Maintaining the balance between play and mathematics learning can be challenging. Educators need to ensure that they incorporate playful activities that are both engaging and effective in promoting mathematical learning.

Strategies for Implementation

To effectively integrate play into the mathematics curriculum, several strategies need to be considered:

1. Designing mathematics activities that align with children's interests and abilities

By choosing activities that are developmentally appropriate and relevant to children's interests, educators can create a more enjoyable and engaging learning environment.

2. Encouraging collaboration and communication between children during play

By promoting social interactions, children can learn from their peers and develop a better understanding of mathematical concepts.

3. Providing clear instructions and guidance during activities

Educators should give clear and concise directions during activities and provide support to children as needed.

Play has significant educational implications in the field of early childhood mathematics education. By incorporating play into the mathematics curriculum, educators can make learning more motivating and engaging and help facilitate a strong foundation for future mathematical success. This paper has provided insight into the benefits, limitations, and strategies for implementing playful mathematics education and offers guidance on how to integrate such activities into preschool and kindergarten settings effectively.

Abstract

This descriptive study explored the extent of  talent engagement in Teachers Educations Institutions of State Colleges and Universities (SUCs) in Region 3. It made use of interview and questionnaire to gather the needed information and data from the respondents. Findings revealed that talent engagement in terms of meaning to work and connections to interpersonal relationship were very high. The keys namely autonomy, growth and impact to work were found to be highly engage among faculty members. The interpersonal relationship, the work itself and status and security motivated more on their talent engagement.  The barriers that prevented teachers from talent engagement were inadequate teaching facilities in school, usually assigned to large class size and lack of time to undergo training and seminars

Keywords-talent engagement, motivators, barriers

1.0 Introduction

Teachers play a central role in student learning (Darling-Hammond, 2010). They are considered as the main contributors to the educational success of their students (Goldhaber, 2007; Ladia, 2014). Education policymakers around the world identify teacher quality as a major catalyst for student learning (UNESCO Institute for Statistics, 2006). Teachers significantly contribute to students’ academic achievements (Ronfeldt et al., 2015; Nool et al., 2018). To ensure that students are taught by highly qualified teachers, educational policies are designed and implemented to assess and improve the quality of teachers (Barbieri et al., 2011; Feng & Sass, 2018; Punzalan, 2019; Salas, 2018) and pre-service teachers (Balanquit et al., 2018; Embesan, 2014; Ladia & Nool, 2011, 2012; Mendoza, 2014).

The key to the real worth and success of any educational institutions is on its human capital (Ladia & Nool, 2017). The very critical challenge faced by each institution is the talent engagement. Organizations with a strong talent engagement are considered as best place to work for and this can be done by creating a friendly working environment. At the last decade, employees have moved from being costs and liabilities to be assets (Cooke, 2008).

Talent is one of the most important assets of an organization. An efficient workforce determines the level of productivity of the organization and thus determines the effectiveness of organizational systems and processes. Any organization, whether small or large, which expects to grow and prosper, must take the talent engagement issue as a top priority. Failure to do so leads to organizational decline of productivity.

The definitions of engagement employed by academics, by companies and by research or consultancy institutions differ subtly, although there are commonalities. In a recent review of various definitions of engagement by UK companies, the Institute of Employment Studies (2009) concludes that: “company definitions tend to view engagement as an outcome, something given by the employee. They often refer to the employee’s attachment, commitment and loyalty to the organization. They refer to the effort and time they are willing to expend, whilst constantly finding ways to add value and use talents to the fullest. Several of the definitions refer to the employee as an enthusiastic advocate showing pride and support for the organization’s values and goals. Many see engagement as a step higher than satisfaction or motivation at work.

According to Macey (2009), there are four elements of the feel of talent engagement or employee engagement. Those elements are urgency, being focused, Intensity and enthusiasm. The urgency is the determination energy toward achieving specific objectives and it is considered as a psychological capital. Being focused is by giving attention and concentrating on specific tasks at a specific period of time. Intensity has a higher level of concentration than focus; it involves both energy and attention towards specific tasks. Enthusiasm refers to the state of positive feelings, when an employee is enthusiastic means that he is passionate towards his work and actively involved in the organization. Most organizations understand the importance of implementing employee engagement in order to keep their best talents productive and committed to their workplace.

The researcher motivates to conduct a study unearthing talent engagement of faculty members in State Universities and Colleges in Region III. The study analyzed also the motivation and barriers of talent engagement of faculty which have implications to teacher education institutions.

Review of Related Literature

Engagement is about creating opportunities for employees to connect with their colleagues, managers and wider organization. It is also about creating an environment where employees are motivated to connect with their work and really care about doing a good job. It is a concept that places flexibility, change and continuous improvement at the heart of what it means to be an employee and an employer in a twenty-first century workplace (Truss, et al. 2009).

The main focus of employee engagement is the alignment of the employee with the organizational goals and to go beyond what is expected (Menguc, Auh, Fisher, & Haddad, 2013). Anitha (2014) suggested employee engagement reflects two essential elements: (a) willingness to contribute to organizational success and (b) a positive and energized employee who is at a motivational state (Eldor & Harpaz, 2015). Karanges, Johnston, Beatson, and Lings (2015) defined engagement as the extent in which employees are willing to commit both emotionally and rationally within their organization, how long they are willing to stay as a result of that commitment, and how dedicated they are to their work.

Talent Engagement or Employee engagement is an emotional state where employees feel passionate, energetic, and committed to their work. This translates into employees who give their hearts, spirits, minds, and hands to deliver a high level of performance to the organization. When employees feel a personal connection to the purpose and goals of the organizations, great things happen (DecisionWise, Inc., Copyright 2015).

      When employees join an organization, they may be enticed by salary promises, cool perks, and company brand. These factors are called satisfaction elements. Engagement goes beyond satisfaction; engagement occurs when employee find Meaning, Autonomy, Growth, Impact and Connection- MAGIC in what they do.

      The Decision Wise five-key model of employee engagement stems over two decades of research. The MAGIC acronym identifies the five key factors that drive employee engagement, namely: (1) Meaning: When employees find meaning and purpose in their work and which make a difference; (2) Autonomy: When employees have freedom, self-governance and ability to make choices about their work;(3) Growth: When the work challenge and stretched employees to improve or the work provide development and career opportunities; (4) Impact: When employees see that their efforts  make a difference and contribute to the success of the organization; (5) Connection: When employees have personal connection with their colleagues, employer and the vision of where the organization is going .

Many managers mistakenly think that employee satisfaction can increase employee motivation. American psychologist Frederick Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory proposes that people are influenced by two factors: those that impact motivation and basic factors that influence job satisfaction. Motivation factors include challenging work, recognition, and responsibility. Hygiene factors consist of pay and benefits, supervision, working conditions, and job security (among others).

In the study of Updike (2005) on “Teachers Commitment to Inclusion” revealed that teachers had direct contact with the students and active involvement in planning and implementing instruction.  Also, the findings revealed that when teachers are committed, they are more willing to invest extra time and energy to make it work which only benefits the students, it also increases the chance that the teachers will be successful, feel satisfied and want to keep doing it.

The review in the preceding paragraphs highlights the mixed nature of the evidence as regards to the description of the faculty members in talent engagement as to meaning, autonomy, growth, impact and communication in their workplace ; the factors that  motivates the  faculty to be engaged and the barriers that hinder their talent engagement. Talent management plan was drawn to enhance the talent engagement.

   2.0 Methodology

      This study employed a descriptive design as it explored the talent engagement faculty.  It made use of interview and questionnaire to gather the needed information and data from the respondents. The respondents were randomly selected among the Teacher Education Institutions in State Universities and Colleges of Region III

         The Survey Questionnaire was used as the major data-gathering instrument in this study.  The researcher adopted and developed a questionnaire using the related literature and studies as guides.  The researcher made use of the variables in the conceptual framework as part of the research instrument.  These variables gave pertinent and crucial information that shed light on the study being conducted.

The questionnaire is divided into two categories: Part I-Talent Engagement of the respondents; Part II –Motivators and Barriers of Talent Engagement. In measuring the talent engagement (Rogel, 2014), the questionnaire used was adopted in the Decision Wise Employee Engagement Survey (Decision Wise, Inc., Copyright, 2015).

The factors motivate faculty members in engaging talent, the researcher designed a survey questionnaire based on theory of Frederick Herzberg (1968), two-factor theory.    

To test the reliability of the questionnaire, the Cronbach’s alpha was used. A total of 25 respondents were used in the dry-run. After gathering the needed data, the result were subjected to the reliability test. The reliability of the indicators of Talent Engagement was 0.975, and Motivators indicators coefficient was 0.965. This signifies that the indicators of the Talent Engagement and Motivators were very high.

3.0 Results and Discussion

 Faculty Members Talent Engagement in their Work

Meaning of Work to the Faculty Members

Teaching is dubbed as the noblest profession. It is a very humanistic profession, and compassion is the utmost feeling of understanding, and showing concern to others

The faculty members agreed that the vision and goals of their institutions were important to them personally They believed that working towards the accomplishment of schools’ vision, mission and goals had a great impact to their personal lives since they devoted most of their time and energy, sometimes, sacrificing their own families just to have work accomplished.

In addition, the faculty members agreed that their work inspired them Faculty members are highly engaged because they felt inspired every time they see students perform well or transform as a result of the knowledge and skills acquired; faculty members felt happy when they are intensely doing their work assignments The process of accomplishing work was not easy for the respondents but when job was done, they felt a sense of joy because of high engagement.

Moreover, the faculty members claimed their work provided them with a sense of meaning and purpose According to most of the teachers, when the day is done, they would find themselves physically exhausted but feeling fulfilled

The faculty members were also happy knowing that there were people at work who cared about them According to them, teachers have inherent humanistic and cooperative values which work to their advantage.

Likewise, the faculty members felt they were treated with dignity and respect They admitted that conflicts arise from time to time due to pressures

Because of the sense of fulfillment of the faculty members, they recommended their institution as a great place to work. They felt that their supervisors treated people with fairness and respect. These two factors led them to appreciate their workplace.

Faculty Members ‘Sense of Autonomy

The faculty members agreed that they were generally able to choose how to best perform their work (4.34); were given the freedom to fully utilize their talents and abilities in current position (4.31);  felt emotionally and physically safe (4.11); materials and resources needed to perform their jobs were provided (4.00); and felt they could speak up without fear of retribution or negative consequences (3.62). Ninety-six (96) faculty members were highly engaged in term of autonomy.

The concept of teacher autonomy refers to the professional independence of teachers in schools, especially the degree to which they can make autonomous decisions about what they teach to students and how they teach it (Great Schools Partnership, 2012). This allows teachers with administrative positions to work with their instincts

Most of the faculty members had high talent engagement as to autonomy of work. This constitutes their freedom to fully utilize their talents and abilities. According to the teachers, they had teaching plans already prepared.

Faculty Members ‘View of their Career Growth

Teachers are encouraged to engage in professional learning opportunities which promote professional growth and development.

Teacher Education Institutions in SUCs are governed with clear guidelines and directives which are the bases of career growth. For promotions, National Budget Circular No. 416, series of 1998 detailed how teachers can be promoted. In addition, Faculty Development Programs were in place which provided opportunities for teacher growth.

In this study, faculty members believed there were clear objectives which they measured their success (4.37); their work offered enough variety for learning opportunities (4.36). The SUCs are mandated by the Commission on Higher Education Order No. 46 series of 2012 to do instruction, research and extension. These are the areas which teachers could learn and grow; felt challenged and stretched in their work (4.20); claimed that they received training to do their jobs well (4.04); easily absorbed their work (4.12); believed that there were opportunities for advancement in their institution (4.13); and believed that made progress on important work projects or initiatives (4.14). One hundred eight (108) were highly engaged in growth of career.

Most of the faculty members had high to very high talent engagement as to career growth. They worked hard for career promotion. SUCs are governed by a system for promotion which required them to pursue graduate degree, attend seminars, engage in research, community services, and actively participate in school and community programs and activities. Faculty members had the drive for career development.

Faculty members View of the Impact of their Work Performance

Tucker and Stronge (2012) found that highly effective teachers can have an enriching effect on the daily lives of children and their lifelong educational and career aspirations.

The faculty members’ work had direct impact in the success of the organization (4.43). According to some teachers, the quality of graduates is an indication of high engagement to quality of the school which rooted from their performance in delivering knowledge, skills and attitude in the classroom level so they believed that they were instrumental in whatever success their students acquired; felt they were able to attain what their goals (4.32). For the faculty members without any assignment, they were convinced that merely seeing their students pass after each semester was an accomplishment;

 felt that their supervisor trusted and empowered them to get their work done in the best possible way (4.30); claimed that they clearly saw the results of the work they performed (4.19); supervisors provided them feedbacks of their performance (3.95); agreed that they embraced the values and ideals of their organization (4.15); the amount of work they expected was reasonable (4.11); believed that they worked effectively across department and functions (4.07); felt properly compensated considering their inputs in the realization of institutional or departmental goals and objectives (4.04); and believed they received proper compensation and benefits fairly (3.92). The grand mean obtained was 4.15 which indicates that teachers felt their talent engagement had impact to their workplace and their personal lives.

Connections of the Faculty members to the Work Place

To work successfully in a group, connecting with one another is a necessity. Connecting with one another in the workplace leads to unity in accomplishing tasks. This study determined the connections with their co-workers.

The faculty members agreed being proud of the work they accomplished together with their colleagues (4.70); Faculty members expressed that without working harmoniously with their superiors, colleagues and subordinates, goals and objectives will not be achieved effectively and efficiently. In fact, the teachers claimed they enjoyed working with people (4.37); they felt that they were strong, energized and vigorous  (4.36)); highlighted the importance of trusting people they worked with (4.33); and they talked openly with their colleagues on what they need to do in achieving success (4.27). The faculty members were convinced that they need each other’s inputs in the job they had to accomplish. The grand mean of 4.41 indicates that faculty members agree they had good camaraderie in their workplace. This implies that TEI teachers in Region 3 have a high possibility of attaining their goals with the kind of camaraderie among the personnel.

One hundred thirty-three (133) faculty members were very highly engaged in terms of connection to work, superior, and colleagues.

Motivators of Faculty Members’ Talent Engagement

The results showed that interpersonal relationship, the work itself, status and security, and growth and advancement motivated more on their talent engagement because the mean generated by these indicators was above the grand mean.

On the other hand, other indicators motivated teacher to a lesser extent as to good working conditions, recognition for achievement, administration policies and practices, and salary/ benefits/rewards.

 Barriers in the Talent Engagement

There will always be barriers or hindrances that will prevent employees to work. These barriers will paralyze them or bar them from engaging in work. The top three barriers that prevent teachers from talent engagement were inadequate teaching facilities in school (112 or 49.12 percent); usually assigned to large class size (78 or 34.21 percent); and lack of time to undergo training and seminars (70 or 30.70 percent).

Earlier, findings showed that teachers felt resources were adequate in their workplace. However, some teachers felt they needed more innovative teaching materials aside from their existing traditional teaching materials. Another problem was the large class size that they handle. Sometimes, teachers felt hard up in individual instruction because of the big number of pupils.

However, problems were encountered by few faculty members and according to them these were mostly addressed or were eventually remedied. These were not enough to prevent them in cooperating and participating in the school programs and activities. 

4.0 Conclusions

1. Faculty members found positive meaning of their work and they were willing to spend their time and effort in accomplishing their goals. They worked with autonomy under established rules and standards. They believed they are achieving career advancement in their workplace. Faculty members felt their talent engagement had impact to their workplace and their personal lives. They had good camaraderie in their workplace. Camaraderie strengthens communications within a team, and these all contribute to the organization. This implies that TEI teachers in Region III  had a high possibility of attaining their goals with the kind of camaraderie among the personnel.

2. Talent engagement in terms of meaning to work and connections to interpersonal relationship were very high.  Majority of faculty members were very highly engaged in meaning and connection to work, superior, and colleagues; highly engaged in autonomy, growth, and impact to work.

3.  Teachers are the direct agents in transforming the lives of the students. Because of this challenging responsibility, the faculty members are motivated and highly passionate about their work.

   4.There are barriers that the faculty experience and these prevent them to be engaged in the workplace. But despite these, the faculty members still have the ultimate mission of the school which is to produce highly competent graduates.

 Implications

This study was conducted to describe talent engagement of the faculty members in teacher education institutions..

  The faculty members found positive meaning of their work and they were willing to spend their time and effort in accomplishing their goals. They worked with autonomy under established rules and standards. They believed they were achieving career advancement in their work place. Faculty members felt their talent engagement had impact to their workplace and their personal lives. They had good camaraderie in their workplace.

Talent engagement is vital to the progress of an educational institution and the realization of the ultimate mission of the school which is to produce highly competent graduates. Teachers are the direct agents in transforming the lives of the students. Because of this challenging responsibility, they have to be motivated and highly passionate about their work.

To lead the faculty members towards full talent engagement, educational managers or leaders are the primary catalysts. Effective school leaders are keys to keep the faculty members stay engaged. They need to combine technical expertise and high emotional quotient to drive the faculty members towards their targets. As what Fullan (2002) said, “Leaders have a deeper and more lasting influence on organizations and provide more comprehensive leadership if their focus extends beyond maintaining high standards.”

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AUTHOR’S PROFILE

Mellany G. Masangkay is Doctor in Education, major in Educational  Management. She is currently the Chairperson of BEED program and a  Student Teaching Supervisor of the College of Education in Tarlac State University. She has presented research papers locally and internationally.

Dr. Masangkay is a member of various professional and civic organizations. To name a few, she is a member of the AACCUP, a prestigious accrediting body in the Philippines; a lifetime member of State Universities and Colleges Teacher Education Association (SUCTEA) ; PAFTE; PSME and KODALY Society of the Philippines

In the bustling school compound during the initial implementation of the subject Mother Tongue Based-Multilingual Education (MTB-MLE), I was eavesdropping on a conversation among parents of grade one students who did not know me as one of the teachers in our elementary laboratory school before I was transferred to the tertiary level. Out of frustration, they deliberated on their children's struggle with the subject because their children were using English in their day-to-day conversations. They questioned the significance of the subject, considering that they introduced English as the primary language of communication at home to ensure their children would not face difficulties in school. Ironical and confusing as it seemed, they do not see the alignment of MTBMLE to future endeavors like national exams and competitions where English is used. Even with this reality, one parent bravely contradicted their views with her personal observation. "That is true, but actually, MTBMLE is a good idea too since many of our children do not speak the community language anymore. In the first place, we should have used our community language at home since our children will learn English in school." Conflicting as the parents' ideas may be, they make sense. Although indifferent to the subject as I never handled it, I was left pondering with questions. Will the use of the local language be effective only in monolingual communities? If it also works in multilingual communities, how do the teachers manage classroom learning?

In our attempt to provide a better curriculum and instruction to our future elementary teachers, our department decided to embark on empirical studies to address problems in the implementation of MTBMLE. For two weeks, we have been going around gathering data from primary teachers in small, medium, and large schools from each municipality in our province. We are still at the tip of the iceberg in our data collection, but the information gathered is already rich with various experiences. I have never been more clarified in my confusion than now regarding what causes the teachers' difficulties. Surprisingly, differences were not just seen in their teaching strategies, but even in their personal definitions of mother tongue and their basis for choosing the medium of instruction in the subject. Regardless of the teachers' differences in their personal definition of mother tongue, the difficulty starts with the learners' lack of knowledge of the medium of instruction used in the classroom. This difficulty applies to children who have been using English at home or those who migrated from other places.

Following the principle of inclusive instruction, the teacher needs to modify for those who do not understand the chosen medium of instruction. Accordingly, they need to translate activities and instructions into more than one language to address the pedagogical demands in a multi-lingual class to ensure that no child is left behind. Even for schools that agreed to use the community language and demand that the child who does not speak the language used in the subject should make the necessary adjustments were not able to elude pedagogical problems.

Going back to the complaint of the mother I heard a decade ago, there were some experiences shared by the teachers during the conducted focus group discussions (FGDs) that will really make you question if the aim of MTBMLE, which is to bridge the local language (L1) to Filipino/English (L2), has been achieved. We were struck by the story of one teacher who recalled an experience where a pupil asked, "Anya ti English ti butter?" (What is the English word for butter?) Some teachers had difficulty when the expected L2 became the L1. If students are more familiar with the intended L2 than the local language, what should teachers do? Should they insist on starting with the local language because it is the directive, or should they deal with the problem according to the context? Admittedly, some teachers mentioned that in teaching reading, they need to start with Filipino because it is easier than starting with the local language where the words are longer.

Consistent in all the schools visited, the significant hurdle is the scarcity of instructional materials in the specific language variant. Teachers carry the burden of this matter, where their questions to DepEd administrators are often redirected back to them since the people at the DEPED Central office do not know their language. Obviously, the solution lies with the teachers themselves, as nobody knows their language variant better than they do. As a teacher, I feel the weight of their burden, even when I ask my last question about suggested topics for training. Some laughed, while others groped for an answer. I can read in their eyes that, with all the experiences they recalled, they are tired. With a deep sigh, most of them will reply that it is okay not to have further training as long as learner's materials are provided. It would be a great relief.

Our ongoing study does not solely focus on struggles, as there were teachers who recounted the beneficial results of MTBMLE. As expected, oral discourse in the classroom is heightened when using the local language but that is something that every teacher still hopes to happen when they go to other subjects.  There will be more FGDs in other schools, but I have come to conclude that no matter how well-intentioned the advocates of MTBMLE are, it can never be a success if only the teachers bear the burden of implementation. Household members should begin to see the value of teaching or exposing children to the local language, so they do not go to school without a very important learning tool—the knowledge of their own community language. Efforts should focus on the development and curation of teaching materials in the appropriate language variant for a more engaging lesson. Collaboration among people both inside and outside the classroom, as well as funding for material development, will ensure the realization of the intended benefits of MTBMLE.

A love for teaching, burning bright;

Illuminates the darkest night;

With passion, patience, and delight;

To guide young minds toward the light.

A teacher's heart, a precious gift;

To help each student reach their lift;

With knowledge, skills, and confidence;

To thrive and grow with confidence.

The classroom is a sacred space;

Where learning takes on a new pace;

The teacher is the guide and friend;

On whom the students can depend.

The love for teaching knows no end;

It's not just a job but a friend;

A calling to inspire and lead;

And help young minds to take the lead.

The love for teaching, pure and strong;

It is what keeps the passion going on;

To shape the future, one by one;

With love for teaching, we've just begun.

I’m taking a brief assessment on the Philippine political development at least in theory between the Marcos government particularly during Martial Law and democratic governments onwards in terms of information and its impact. I’m using the ethics of data collection based upon three principles by historian and philosopher Yuval Noah Harari: a) Data must be used to help people, not manipulate them, b) Whenever you increase surveillance from top to bottom you must balance it by increased surveillance from bottom up, and c) Never allow too much data to be concentrated in one place.

I employ technology and democracy as political framework developed by philosopher Andrew Feenberg towards averting possible disaster created by artificial intelligence particularly on politics and governance.

Nowhere in history of Philippines that information has been transparent than in the last three decades since Cory Aquino up to Bongbong Marcos Jr. The 1987 Constitution specifies the fundamental right of freedom of information, which was cascaded into the Local Government Code of 1991, and recently Executive Order 2016.

Technology is a precursor for this change. Shift of people’s attitude from fear as criterion for behaved society into freedom and autonomy is another. Science, that is to say, process of embracing facts and not dogmas, has indeed made tremendous advancement.

The rule of arms is incompatible with modern technology as it transgresses in theory the foregoing three principles.

You could never imagine a fair trial in 1970s, nor anyone could ever think of journalist enjoying privileges during those years. During Martial Law, no one could debate on whether certain leader was a villain or a hero. Nor anyone could ever say negative against a President. Due process after Martial Law has been made normal. Philippine politics and governance have become civil using check and balances of media, non-government organizations, and government agencies.

In traditional regimes, everyone was obliged to treat leaders infallible. And information was held in one place. This happened to mass murderers Joseph Stalin of Soviet Union and Mao Zedong of China, and others.

Centralized source of information was the rule of game until values of interconnectivity, autonomy, and decentralization have emerged in the late 20th century. Soviet Union collapsed. China opened its door. Youth today in Russia, China, and North Korea are idealizing autonomous actions and decisions, including positive and negative rights we in our country have been enjoying for decades. 

Years after Martial Law, Philippine society hasn’t faced with lack of information. Information is everywhere. We have lots of information. However, we have also come to realize that information isn’t necessarily true. We are faced with enormous information many of which are fake, falsely understood and shared, etc. So that the more you receive information from Facebook, YouTube, and Google about government achievements and failures, it doesn’t mean you’re knowledgeable.

Troll existence is one. But this is manual. Artificial intelligence is here. Chat GPT has mastered language of peoples. Nowhere in the history in the world that a technology could invent stories, write laws and policies, and sacred texts, etc. Totalitarian leaders were known to spread fake news and lies. But their secrets were exposed, and that is why they didn’t last long. Totalitarian leaders could never manage millions of trolls, spies, etc., and they could never process vast amount of information.

Today, artificial intelligence could spread propaganda, fictional stories in order to advance political agenda faster and efficient than any human-made technology. It could decide to manipulate peoples after having understood exactly their behavior. In fact, in most cases average people could never distinguish manuscripts made by humans and Chat GPT.

What we have achieved in the last four decades in terms of decentralized sources of information could be outdated by the future AI unless our political processes are critical about it. Megacorporation Facebook could determine who are winnable candidates days before Philippine election. Google could understand exactly supplies and demands in the market, and many more.

Political development across democratic years of the Philippines can be sustained amidst the rise of artificial intelligence if we enable information to help people, not manipulate them, balance surveillance between top-down and below-up, and decentralize data storage. President Bongbong Marcos Jr. could rally behind this direction. 

Higher education institutions shouldn’t merely teach students about what information they should know. The real challenge in higher education is to teach students how to distinguish between reliable sources from unreliable information. And this can only be achieved by adhering to modern science and ethics. By modern science and ethics, it means that we have a lot more to know than we could ever imagine.

Government and non-government agencies shouldn’t use religious dogmas to tackle ethical issues of artificial intelligence. Only in modern science and philosophy can we make our increasingly globalized society more and more civilized. The recent artificial intelligence can be used to help Philippine administrations to be far more effective in delivering services. Technology is constituent of development.

Artificial intelligence can enable government administration far worse than it was during Martial Law, Stalin’s Soviet, Mao’s China, and others if we are not preparing ourselves in terms of awareness of its danger. Political development across four decades may be frustrated by the rise of artificial story tellers far more powerful than any human beings on earth. It’s scary to realize that the future of humanity depends upon the political and ethical choices and decisions made by humanity themselves.

What insight could we still see from Simone de Beauvoir’s 70-year old feminism in the context of the latest feminist movements centered on alleged sexual assault on women, and on demands for cities safe for women? The two years internationally famous hashtag #metoo is articulating these issues that figure out one of the key feminist struggles in twenty-first century. Certain elements of the conversations capture the recurrent feminist problems of “absolute Other” in The Second Sex. The selection of conversations on #metoo is taken five days backward from March 29 2019 to show the recurrence of objectification of women.

#MeToo Movement is a viral social media hashtag that testifies against sexual harassment and sexual assault twitted by anyone, famous or anonymous women worldwide. American black activist Tarana Burke founded the phrase “Me Too" in 2006 and was popularised on Twitter by Hollywood celebrity Alyssa Milano in 2017, which has received wide following including many other famous American celebrities and netizens around the world. The movement became viral in 2017 over the expose of sexual scandal of Hollywood mogul Harvey Weinstein which stirred condemnations and innumerable testimonies of “Me Too” experiences around the world.

#MeToo Movement is a testament how woman as pure object category cuts across history until today, one that requires what Beauvoir calls collective resistance not only from women victims themselves but also from men and all other sectors in society. #MeToo puts the awareness of the people on the situation as the key to resolution of feminist struggles against sexual violence. This is why a great many skeptics allege that #MeToo is redundant to justice system, overreacting on situation that visually portray men as predators and women as prey.

One major controversy derived from #MeToo is directly accusing the alleged perpetrators to elicit courage among other goals to speak out in favor of the victims or in the words of a twit by lib@libertyannn Mar 29 “Enough is enough, give people the courage to report without fear.” In effect, it highlights dilemma of victims who testifies their psychological burden to speak out, which is expressed in the twit by Dorothy@dotdotti11 Mar 29,

Can not report it to police when it’s the police

Can not report it to the school when it’s at school

Can not report it your boss when it’s your boss

Can not report it at church when it’s the church

Can not report it to family when it’s family #metoo

For instance, a crowd of twitters react to the latest controversial inappropriate “touching” and “inhaling” allegation on former US Vice-President Joe Biden. Biden was accused by a fellow Democrat Lucy Torres for an alleged inappropriate touching and inhaling of hair in 2014 when the latter was running for lieutenant governor in Nevada. Tim Young@TimRunsHisMouth Mar 29 describes, “Joe Biden is a walking billboard for the #Metoo campaign.” Reno Raines @renoraines1056 Mar 29 reacts, “Crazy Uncle Joe Biden has been a sick creeper for decades. But nobody gives a rip, because he’s a Democrat.”

It is important to consider the hard evidences and consistency of conversations as well as the process to resolve as they lie the magnitude of controversy. @AsheSchow Mar 27 twits #Metoo headlines as bias against men as there appears no “headlines over this [sic] woman admitting to drugging and robbing men she lured with sex.” Some twits also protect the movement thought to further the career of women which @girl_ghosted Mar 27 calls “disgusting and you [sic] should be in jail for that and you have made a mockery of the #Metoo movement as well.”

Despite these setbacks, what appears is widespread netizens’ attentions on gender violence oftentimes claimed as silenced and suppressed. @LisaAtTheHelm Mar 25 twits,

My husband at the time [sic] dragged me out into the hall while I was naked at 8 months pregnant and locked me out of the apartment. This is the first time I have ever spoken about it.

Social recognition is what challenges the “coming out” of individuals to speak their “Me Too” experience. This is expressed by @see_kel Mar 24,

A few months ago, I was sexually assaulted during a date. Rather than hearing me out, my own friends went ‘well why did you wear a dress?’ So the fact that women, who I considered friends, say it is still the woman’s fault proves how far we have to come.

For Philippines, higher education should take its role to commit to the challenge of feminist struggles as students, faculty, and staff are placed at the forefront of various identities which require “dialogical openness”.

We have Philippine Commission on Women (PCW) formerly the National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women (NCRFW) which serves as the national machinery for gender equality and women’s empowerment.

On this #MeToo campaign, local governments in coordination with police authorities should be more challenged to perform the vital function for safety of women from sexual threats and fast-track resolutions to bring justice to crime and violence involving gender.

The latest incident involving a 16-year old female allegedly raped and heinously killed by skinning her face in Lapu-Lapu Cebu has drawn out condemnations around the country. Along with local government authorities and officials from national agencies, thousands of mourners wearing #JusticeforChristine shirts joined the burial on March 23 2019 and condemned the brutal killing and demanded police authorities for immediate apprehension of the suspects. Aided by social media, collective support for campaign against gender violence happens because as a rule there is shared interest of people in society such as rights and dignity that are worth fighting for.

A year after his arrest, Wikileaks’ co-founder Julian Assange is scheduled to hear his extradition case in a London court today after it was postponed last February due to pandemic. The controversial case of the journalist-publisher has seemed to eclipse this year in public discourse as every attention is singling out the impact brought about by Covid-19. The specter of Assange as shown through his works which have been scandalizing state officials has hunted the duty of professionals in the media dubbed as hyper experts of formality and compliance.

I attempt to look into Assange’s activities in view of the nineteenth century German thinker Friedrich Nietzsche’s Ubermensch or overman to justify that our defense on him indeed matters.

It makes sense to see the journalism career of Assange by what Nietzsche in Will to Power says, “My humanity is a constant self-overcoming.” Nietzsche speaks on this among others in the lenses of changing perspectives, transforming what people used to view as well as value, and fear that goes along with it.

Australian-born Assange has published voluminous secrets revealing the abuse of power of public officials and war crimes, information citizens in established democracies have the right to know. The world was stunned, and grateful for him, at the unredacted files of matters of public interests Wikileaks published in 2010, namely, the disturbing “Collateral Murder,” the Afghan war logs, and the diplomatic cables that detail crimes of the United States in foreign soil.

But what has become in terms of image of the now imprisoned journalist in the wake of those revelations is sad to note – “He is not a journalist,” “He is a Russian puppet,” “a narcissist,” “a jerk,” “a fascist,” etc. All these contradict his prestigious international achievements for his distinguished contribution to journalism, not to mention his being nominated for UN Mandela Prize and 2019 Nobel Peace Prize.

Misinformation has projected Assange in the eyes of the public into what Nietzsche calls in Will to Power a promoter of decadence, something that anyone must stay away from for being a danger to humanity.

Assange’s decade-long bizarre Swedish extradition request but without charge which was finally dropped last year by Swedish prosecutors for lack of basis has been sealing the box of his character as if he is in the words of Nietzsche “something that shall be overcome.”  

What has echoed across his seven-year political asylum in Ecuadorean embassy after the British High Court decided to extradite him to Sweden was the public eyes on him as “beast,” meriting arrest should he leave out the embassy for skipping the British law.

But it is beyond facts to call the now 48-year old as in Nietzsche’s words in Thus Spoke Zarathustra “the last man,” one that should be insulated as if he has nothing in his hand except the sheer blood of the world.

Perceptions on Assange should be weighed on whether he is harming rights and dignity of people, or exposing secrecies that protect interests of the few being guaranteed by the American First Amendment.

Individuals who have questionable transactions in states and seek to advance their shenanigans will do whatever they can in their power to stop truth-tellers beyond the traditional old school ties from exposing their cards.

Three years after founding Wikileaks, US financial institutions have been blocking the non-profit media organization from receiving donations.

Why could anyone afford to be swallowed by perceptual construction on Assange when there have been no individuals killed as a result of Wikileaks’ revelations? Behold the man in jail after he published leaked video of killing dozen innocent civilians and other crimes which are not “top secret” after all. Is it not a human right under UN conventions to seek for asylum under reasonable circumstance – the baseless sexual assault accusation?

His incarceration in Belmarsh prison for jumping bail in 2012 when he sought asylum in the Ecuadorean embassy, and now defending his extradition case appears to be a clear deterrence to any journalists from reporting whistleblowers’ data beyond the approval of those who are in power.

As far as from the staked establishment is concerned, Assange is debauched as what Nietzsche specifies “tied between beast and overman – a rope over an abyss.” “He is trying to get attention.” But such are not beyond doubt. His decade-old clinching fist seen until he was dragged out from Ecuadorean embassy speaks for the will of enabling citizens enlightened in checking scandals committed by those who are in power within the spirit and intent of the laws.

The debasement on his effort is to put in Nietzsche’s phrase “human-all-too-human” conditioning of public minds that has made him despised from the discourse of the public he commits to serve.

Since his exile in Ecuadorean embassy in 2012 there have been constant persisting mass petitions against his feared trial for espionage charges in US, indicating that defending the freedom of the press as central case of the man behind bars is alive. Which as well means that overcoming projection on Assange as “the last man” or “the decadent” implies enlightenment of the concerted efforts within the democratic bounds of state institutions.

The scheduled hearing seems to be a part of the unknown, a fate that may have delivered him to the British Supreme Court for his final reconsideration against US extradition request.

Had it not because of Assange’s revelations, US political and military secrecy has been kept untold to global public, completely forgotten in history usually written by victors. But why have those involved in the crimes exposed by Wikileaks in 2010 not been brought to justice? Why have other journalists from media giants who as well published the Wikileaks’ documents not been sentenced in court?

Along with the increasingly political circumventions of media around the world across the pandemic, Nietzsche’s Ubermensch or overman as self-overcoming of our humanity has made sense in terms of defending the jailed truth-teller from extradition to US where he would face his 17 espionage charges. Assange is an incarnation of Nietzsche’s Ubermensch, something as an end that inspires for a creative subjectivity that enhances the humanization task in the world we live in. He is an overman, able to pass from the banal compliance of truth telling common among professional journalists towards fearless hard evidence-based reporting, even risking his own life and liberty in the process.

Our choice to be there behind Assange exposes us to the gigantic tasks of defending democratic ideals of truth and information which has risked of dying in view of the recent killings of journalists around the world.

Promoting media freedom enables us to see our limitations of our will to power often disguised as a search for truth under our usual habit of adhering to the status quo and the apparent convenience through silence that accompanies with it.

Defending Assange can only transpire in a “bottom-top” way, from the change in the perceptions of creative subjects who because of self-transformation along the process of overcoming, will speak out in the streets to draw decision in favor for his right to liberty.

As suffering an illness while in jail, Assange has prayed for our extension for as cultural philosopher Slavoj Zizek says Assange holds “no state behind him, just us.” This solidarity is impossible if we are stuck at the abyss of prefabricated perceptions that allows immunity of powerful misdeeds by suppressing informative deeds of journalists usually labeled “in the service of communists China and Russia!” Our moral choice should be preceded by a process of conscious revaluation of our will, worldviews, our fears, least we fail to see that defending Julian Assange really matters.

Following US failed bid for arms embargo on Iran at the 15 member-states UN Security Council two weeks ago, US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo has proposed for “snapback” of UNSC sanctions on Iran.

Despite the categorical disapproval from the remaining parties of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) (Britain, France, China, Russia plus Germany), Secretary Pompeo was optimistic that the outcome was favorable to the United States.

Iranian Foreign Ministry and the European Union foreign policy office have slammed US’ push as immaterial after it withdrew from the deal in May 2018.

Iranian Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif has said that “snapback” provision is absent in JCPOA or in UNSCR 2231 that codified the deal.

Last Tuesday a week after US’ bid for snapback, UN Security Council President Dian Djani gave an assessment that denies the bid by “lack of consensus,” citing non-membership of US to Iran deal.

The so-called P3 (France, Britain, and Germany) are set to discuss the US repeated accusation of “systematic non-compliance” of Iran with the nuclear deal in Vienna next week.

Fearful of the nuclear disaster, the world for sure has felt a sigh of relief as it shows the landmark deal that puts pressure on Iran nuclear program alive.

Sinking the deal reached in Vienna in 2015 by “further isolation and sanctions” of Iran according to analysts will only pave way for Iranian non-compliance to restrictions under the deal.

Iran ambassador to the UN had indicated then that Iranian “options are not limited” as its rightful response in case the US bid wins.

Denying the snapback was another diplomatic shot of Iran after the resounding UNSC rejection of the 13-year arms embargo on Iran last August 14.

“The US maximum pressure policy against Iran has been defeated,” Iranian President Hassan Rouhani told reporters last Tuesday.

Last Sunday, US President Donald Trump said that US is prepared to make a deal with Iran “within four weeks” if he is re-elected.

President Trump’s statement appears to be beyond concession to Iranian victory but might be tied to his 2016 presidential campaign’s “terrible” Iran deal and his administration’s withdrawal in May 2018.

US Ambassador to United Nations Kelly Craft accused the 13 member states of UNSC of siding with “the company of terrorists.”

Iranian President Rouhani has indicated that if United States post-snapback dismissal enters into agreement with Iran, US should ask for apologies to Iran and return to the deal.

Intense talks on snapback at UNSC has prompted Russian President Vladimir Putin to call out for a virtual summit among leaders of parties of UNSC including Germany and Iran to prevent escalating the tension between the US and Iran.

Iranian victory seems afar from reach as Secretary Pompeo on Thursday has moved to bypass the UNSC President’s assessment against the snapback by treating the international sanctions on Iran reimposed on September 20 unless a “resolution is introduced.” “That’s how UNSCR 2231 works,” Pompeo tweeted. 

As US slams the majority members of UNSC for “standing” with Iran against snapback, it is without a doubt that the JCPOA is still alive, in full force.

Yet the fate of international sanctions on Iran hinges on the international community action, particularly the remaining Iran deal members under the letters and intent of the deal and UNSCR 2231.

Increase of Iranian uranium enrichment after US withdrawal from the deal in 2018 requires the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) intervention so the parties involved could determine the Iranian compliance to restrictions of the deal.

What is at stake here is US’ image as international leader pushing for agenda against the oppositions of 13 states in UNSC including its close allies. Even if Trump is consistent to his previous presidential campaign promise on Iran deal, it appears that US is unable to convince the members of the deal to lay down their obligation to it.

I contend that UNSC members’ reasonably views on Iran deal are free from mere party-allegiance with the Islamic Republic which is opposite to Washington’s accusations of “siding with ayatollahs.” Eschewing nuclear catastrophe by controlling Iranian nuclear ambition through the spirit of the deal has prevailed in the heads of 13-council members, they have preferred saving the deal rather than unleashing sanction on Iran.

Hopefully, all staked members of UN Security Council could journey forward and create the long-desired path of peace and security in the Persian Gulf once and for all, especially post-Covid 19 world and beyond.

I wowed after President Rodrigo Duterte made a shocking remark a week ago over unnamed Western pharmaceutical giants who as President complained have demanded for “cash advance” or “reservation fee” for delivery of Covid-19 vaccines. With his usual cursing, the President vowed to purchase coronavirus vaccines only from Russia or China as their vaccines are sold beyond profits. The President’s inclination for Russian Sputnik V has made some headlines a couple of months ago.

Even if I’m satisfied by President Duterte’s standpoint on profit-driven pharma, I am pessimistic. Can our country’s leader snub Western pharma giants without repercussion? Are the Western pharma giants critical enough to read between the lines the message of our President?

In this time and age of interconnectivity there is divisiveness as a consequence of certain market control by unilateral economic sanctions. The pandemic crisis has revealed this pattern.

Take the massive Nord Stream 2 project. In mid-2020, the 1,230 kilometers 9.5 billion euros underwater pipeline that will transport Russian gas to Germany has been stalled after the United States has imposed sanctions on several companies involved. German Chancellor Angela Merkel’s administration has found itself on the edge how to redeem the already 94% complete construction without bearing the effect of US “pressure campaign.”

Another is UN Security Council resounding rejection in mid-2020 of the US proposal for renewed arms embargo on Iran. A week after that, Washington has bid for “snapback” of sanctions on Iran despite its withdrawal in 2018 from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) known as Iran deal.

Even if stated under the principle of democratic norms, unilateral economic sanctions are undermining sovereign rights, interfering in domestic affairs which are contrary to letters and intent of international laws.

Enter the European Parliament’s threat to revoke the trade perks on Philippine products export. This came at the juncture of President Duterte’s vilification on Western pharma as “all for profit.” But it was no surprise to me as I paid attention on human rights abuses situation in the country. I was curious on their alibis: upholding democracy for the country.

Several countries have been ravaged by Western-backed sanctions. Simply look at the once prosperous Libya and Iraq today. Both were called “rogue states,” now torn by civil unrest.

A new but essentially rogue state standing in the way of Western powers after those years is China. Western pressure on China for instance on events in Hongkong and Turkic Muslims have reinforced image of China as demonic violator that deserves Western military adventurism.

China is an economic and technological threat to the West, well captured in “US-China economic decoupling” discourse effected by US-China trade wars in 2018. Western pressure only shows its real weakness to parallel China’s most ambitious Built and Road Initiative.

When President Duterte launched a diplomatic gesture through his first-ever address to the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA), he’s dealing with threat of Western sanctions. In the wake of the threat, presidential spokesperson Harry Roque interjected, “Susmaryosep!” (Jesus, Mary, Joseph!), referring to European Parliament whom he considers insensitive to Filipino struggles against the impact of pandemic. The President clearly saw the need to stand himself before the 75th anniversary of UNGA to assert among others his most distinguished calling for Philippine acquisition of Covid-19 vaccines based on market principle of fairness and social benefits.

Coronavirus vaccines should “be made available to all,” President Duterte plead during his over 20 minutes prerecorded address. By calling for global unity, international friendship, dialogue and cooperation in addressing any concerns that beset the world, President Duterte has endeavored to overcome the concerted accusations launched on his administration by the European Parliament. By expressing inclusive language, President Duterte had wished that delivery of effective coronavirus vaccines should never discriminate poor country.

Criticisms on the administration of President Duterte on human rights abuses during the old and new normal are undeniable. However, I have always reservations if human rights abuse is attached by Western threat of economic sanctions.

Priority for coronavirus vaccines beyond the profit-driven pharma companies has been essentially one of the key points of President Duterte’s address in UNGA. How the President is going to materialize his words on arbitral award that is favorable to our sovereign claim in West Philippine Sea is another issue. There is so much thing to talk about complex issues as national security and human rights of our country.

I believe European Parliament pressure won’t be materialized after President’s address at UNGA. Roque undermined the threat, saying European Union is the only one that issues punitive actions.

External pressure to foster justice and human rights cannot co-exist with economic sanction. When economic pressure is used to address complex political and social events in other countries, I always have a reason to be pessimistic.

Abstract – Each academic institution strives to produce graduates who are competent, highly qualified, and who will succeed in their fields of specialization in both the local and global arenas. A powerful tool that provides helpful data for evaluating the whereabouts and performance of graduates is a tracer study. This study focused on determining the profile of Bachelor of Science in Information Systems (BSIS) graduates of S.Y. 2018-2019 of the Iloilo Science and Technology University (ISAT U) in terms of gender, civil status, residence, and examinations passed. It further investigates their employment status, job experiences, and provides recommendations for the improvement of the university’s curriculum. A system approach was utilized by examining input, process, output, and feedback to evaluate graduates' performance and employability. A descriptive research design was employed, using a modified-standardized questionnaire based on the master survey instrument of the Commission on Higher Education. Data analysis involved frequency, percentage, and ranking. The results of the study showed that out of 32 graduates, 96.88% (31) participated in the online survey questionnaire, with 90.63% (29) employed. The findings revealed that most of the respondents waited for 1-6 months for their first paid job related to their earned degree. This implies that the respondents became highly employable, easily found, and earned a job related to their degree despite the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, the graduates expressed satisfaction with the delivery of instruction but provided some suggestions to enhance the university's curriculum for more responsive to the needs of students and the demands of various job markets.

Keywords— Graduate tracer study, information systems, employment status, system approach

I.           INTRODUCTION

The employability of an academic institution's graduates is one of the criteria used to assess its effectiveness (Cuadra et al., 2019). This produces competent and highly qualified graduates which greatly influences their ability to provide instruction and facilities that enable them to acquire the knowledge, skills, values, and competencies they need to succeed in the workplace (Rosa & Galang, 2021).

The Graduate Tracer Study (GTS) is a method used to track graduates' performance after graduation. It collects data on graduates’ college experience skills learned, quality of instruction, and how it relates to employability. A GTS can illuminate the relationship between the college experience and labor market outcomes, which can aid in formulating actions for the higher education sector (Tutor et al., n.d.). According to Sira et al., the main goal of their graduate tracer study was to identify the established demographics of graduates from the BS and BIT programs at Iloilo Science and Technology University's College of Industrial Technology from the school year 2018 to 2019 (Sira et al., 2022). With a tracer study, graduates’ employability can be tracked to gauge how well the university's current curriculum works to produce competent graduates (Kalaw, 2019). To establish more reliable data that represent the employability of graduates, graduate tracer studies such as this one should be conducted on a regular basis, at least every other year, and should cover a wider scope in terms of graduates from prior years (Albina & Sumagaysay, 2020).

The Commission on Higher Education (CHED) in the Philippines has mandated higher education institutions (HEIs) to conduct tracer studies as part of the definition of a center of excellence and a center of development of degree programs. The graduate profile is one of the documentary requirements of higher education accrediting bodies, such as the Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities in the Philippines (AACCUP), Inc., and the ISO 9001: Quality Management Systems (QMS). This prepares students to be IT professionals and experts in the design and implementation of IS for business processes, as referenced in CMO No. 53, Series of 2006, and CMO No. 25, Series of 2015. 

Iloilo Science and Technology University (ISAT U) is a Higher Education Institution in Western Visayas of the Philippines that actively promotes information technology education (ITE). It has four colleges on its Main Campus and four external campuses in Iloilo province. The institutional goal of the University is “to produce highly competent and eco-friendly graduates, who will become leaders and experts in their fields of specialization.”

The Bachelor of Science in Information Systems (BSIS) is one of the programs offered by the Computer Department under the ISAT U - College of Arts and Sciences since 2007 and as per BOR Res. No. 15, COPC No. 20, Series of 2015. The program aims to produce highly qualified and competent graduates of the Iloilo Science and Technology University who are highly employable after graduation and integrate information technology with business processes. This plays a significant role in molding BSIS students and its work does not end with graduation. ISAT U has a social responsibility to develop its students into competent citizens of the country and ensure that its curriculum and skill-training programs are always updated to meet current demands. The success of the program in providing quality instruction was evaluated based on the graduates' performance feedback.

Objectives of the Study

The main objective of this study was to trace the Bachelor of Science in Information Systems graduates of S.Y. 2018-2019 of the Iloilo Science and Technology University, Iloilo City Campus. Specifically, this study aimed to determine the following:

1. the profile of the Bachelor of Science in Information Systems (BSIS) Graduates of S.Y. 2018-2019 as to gender, civil status, residence, and examinations passed;

2. the employment status and job experiences of the graduates; and

3. recommendations for the improvement of the Bachelor of Science in Information Systems curriculum of the University.

Significance of the Study

This study is essential and significant to the following stakeholders:

BSIS Students. The results of the study would motivate and encourage students to pursue and complete their degree for professional advancement.

ISAT U Administrators. The school administrators could use the results of this study in determining the relevance of the program degree offered to the employability status and job experiences of graduates.

Faculty. This study would encourage the faculty to help their students finish their degrees and become experts in their field of specialization.

Future Researchers. The results of this study would serve as a springboard for further investigations using other variables.

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As markets grow, businesses become economically and legally autonomous. Competition's economic regulation grows. Strategy and operations aren't enough. Development strategies need strategic thought. Strategic marketing in response to external situations was the company's destiny a few years ago. Recent goals include market-driven management and resource allocation. Marketing organizes corporate operations. Companies have corporate, divisional, and functional strategies. Marketing helps business objectives.

Marketing strategy sets objectives and targets customers. Marketing mix encompasses product, channel, campaign, and value approach. Scholarly papers cover marketing strategy.

According to one view, a marketing strategy involves setting objectives, achieving them, and solving manufacturing problems for each product, market, and age. Manufacturing and sales must reflect market demands and corporate resources. Leading marketing expert Philip Kotler calls a marketing plan a company's "reasonable, logical framework" for marketing issues. Audience, promotional strategy, and advertising budget are listed.

Marketing should target the company's most resource-hungry customers. After finalizing the marketing approach, production and sales may commence. Budgets, tasks, etc. It helps companies budget yearly.

An appropriate marketing concept and diverts marketing strategies  with four target areas (deeper market penetration, expansion into newly entrant markets, creation of innovative products, and diversification of operations) can help a company set goals and evaluate progress. Goal-based organizations standardize results. "Model of target orientation" or "structure of goals" arranges organizational goals to standardize management.

Strategy goals are internal and external. Its aim and legal framework establish its external and internal objectives. Stability and short-term planning are secondary to development. Decision trees have subgoals. They then ask experts for the finest options. Criteria provide meaningful choice comparisons. Industry-leading indicators. Prospective outcomes should be analyzed using these criteria as less significant variables may provide different results. Most experts describe "marketing strategy" as an organization's approach across markets and period.

Marketing tactics address "what," "when," and "how" along with expenses and success rates. Marketing strategy determines products, services, price, consumer communication, and distribution. Marketing strategy should cover market position, product attributes, and company history. Top executives' leadership, management, and organizational structure are important. Unlike enterprise-wide planning, marketing strategy evolves. Markets vary. Static installations must use existing processes.

Employees or professionals may establish marketing plan. Niche identification and placement launch successful marketing. Renew products and increase customers. Marketing campaigns need product, promotion, customer reach, and pricing strategies.

Studies reveal that marketing service and internal problem-solving determine a company's marketing strategy. Well-trained marketers discover solutions. Data quality and quantity drive marketing strategy. This indicates that various marketing methods drive these operations and that business success depends on their perfect execution. It's crucial that the company's primary marketing methods be theoretical and practical, help it achieve its goals, and boost its market position.

Competitive products and services face global governance issues of quality, pricing, and simplicity. All options for enhancing and streamlining the production of goods and services in accordance with national requirements, such as economic competitiveness and product quality, have been emphasized.  A nation's producer market position is determined by its administration, quality of social life, and labor.  The chief of the brand's competitiveness with modern businesses is responsible for collaborative responsibilities and current research issues. The objective, strategy, core competencies, assets, and infrastructure of a company determine its capacity to offer products and services at market prices and to manage a business.  If critical business processes are not coordinated, the company cannot create customer value. Brand unifies. A brand is the distinctive, alluring image of a product or service that is associated with it.  Brands help consumers save money and reduce risk when purchasing products, as well as encourage investment. Brands generate thirty percent of global wealth. Brand management is essential for the sustainability of a business. Numerous of the world's leading corporations demonstrate that a well-planned strategy simultaneously increases brand awareness and decreases market volatility. Nonetheless, the management function of brand management reflects the objective conditions of global market competition and entails the creation of effective brand management structures that facilitate strategic cooperation with partners and consumer interaction.   Modern brands integrate marketing, production, innovation, and sales while optimizing internal corporate governance to meet market demands. These characteristics allow the product to satisfy consumer expectations even during the conception of its concept and brand identity.

It is well known that the primary management functions of a company are planning, organization, leadership, and control, which ensures the overall effectiveness of the management system. Today, many business owners recognize the benefits of brand management and employ it actively.  However, our nation's brand administration could benefit from the knowledge of industrialized nations and foreign businesses.  To compete with foreign firms that have aggressively penetrated nearly every sector of our economy and occupied critical market positions in a number of regions, Uzbek businesses require effective brand management. Priority should be given to enhancing the national economy's competitiveness at all levels prior to the international integration of foreign countries. However, the vast majority of consumer goods and services from other nations are of much lower quality and resource intensity than those from international firms. In such circumstances, businesses must utilize all available resources to enhance product quality and competitiveness. 

It's well known that many food industry studies follow market guidelines.  Food market demand is mostly influenced by population income.  People's income impacts their spending power.  The average population income also affects demand.  Product composition depends on individual consumption. A market with a negative demand, no demand, a demand that is just emerging, a dropping demand, a shifting demand, an ideal demand, a high demand, or an irrational demand. Thus, consumer sophistication differentiates the food sector.  Other countries regional food market has an unsatisfied and volatile demand, and it's clear that the optimum demand hasn't yet emerged.  It's important to study the food market's operations and changes. Marketing research includes a collection of measurements based on a full market analysis with a defined goal of demand for products and resources. Market research is crucial.  Marketing research is based on market structure, strategy, and procedures. Marketing research often includes market research. Another option. Marketing research emphasizes these food market research characteristics such identifying market segments. In this direction, food products on the food market and its segments will be identified.  Additionally, it can be segmented based on regional and competitive parameters.  It identifies issues of effective product sales, product innovation, quality enhancement, consumer demand satisfaction, and high profitability; The formation and development of the food market to analyze market trends will allow for changes in the agrarian sector as a result of state economic reforms and the study of management trends in a particular region. The relationship between product prices and production volume is investigated.  Interregional price differentials or production costs that correspond to the product's prime cost determine the relationship between price and production volume in this region. Research of infrastructure networks. Clearly, the development of a market is influenced by its infrastructure, and it will be necessary to investigate the food market's infrastructure and some of the issues that impede its effective operation. Sales forecasting ranks sixth.  This is due to the rapid population growth, which is crucial in determining the future of the population.

The method of teaching intercultural communication, which is predicated on the application of the principles, will contribute to the formation of cultural competency as well as achieving of both practical and developmental goals, that are outlined in the institutional norms for higher education. The teaching principles are the initial set of didactic provisions that lay out the objective rules and patterns of the learning process and put the focus on the personality development of the learner. These teaching principles may be thought of as the foundation of a good education. They are often referred to as the "foundations" of teaching, which is another name for them. Knowledge of the principles of teaching makes it possible to organize the educational process in accordance with its norms, to rationally define goals and pick the educational material's content, as well as to select appropriate forms and methods of teaching. This is because knowledge of the principles of teaching permits the selection of appropriate forms and techniques of teaching. This is due to the fact that having a grasp of the fundamentals of education allows the learning process to be organized in line with the rules that govern it. The emergence of new teaching principles may be credited to a number of factors, with the progress made in both the theory and practice of teaching, as well as the identification of novel patterns associated with the learning process. Concurrently, the older principles continued to be amended, which is why they are viewed as being historically ephemeral due to the fact that they were always being updated. We place a particular emphasis on the following principles when preparing students of humanitarian universities for intercultural communication: the principle of cultural saturation of educational content; the principle of orientation toward humanitarian values; the power source principle of tolerance; the principle of intercultural dialogue; the concept of activity; and the principle of the formation of secondary linguistic personality traits. Let's go into the nitty-gritty of the particulars of each idea.  The activation of the educational process, the increase in the cognitive activity of students, the expansion to their communicative abilities, and the promotion of motivation for the in-depth study of a foreign language are all contributed to by the formation of readiness for intercultural communication, which is the first step in achieving the objectives of the theory of culturological saturation of the educational content. In addition, the principle of culturological saturation of the educational content is a key factor in the development of intercultural competence.

The fast spreading COVID-19 epidemic threatens businesses and supply chains. Because coronavirus may threaten human rights within and outside the corporation, corporate human rights defenders should be included in decision-making.

Many firms are doing the right things, but few are focused on profits. As illustrated by the COVID-19 pandemic, companies must identify their human risks and assess their impact on workers and value chains.

Many firms thought they could protect employees from sickness. Provide reasonable advice and practical measures to ensure sanitary and hygienic standards, such as posting signs in factories, sites, and offices on bulletin boards and in bathrooms instructing workers on how to properly wash their hands, stocking enough disinfectants, and keeping people away from infectious materials. Several organizations have limited travel and remote work to safeguard employees and stop the infection.

provide everyone who is sick paid leave so they stay home, and make companies compare sick leave with workers so employees take a week and employers provide a week. If employees are unsafe, operations must stop.

Manufacturing facilities under time pressure should be mindful of worker concerns, and buying departments should warn suppliers. The company's future and lives are at jeopardy. Your language with consumers and suppliers should represent your expectations. Human resources, full-time medical specialists, and paid leave should be provided to those who sign COVID-19 contracts and try to stop its spread.

The coronavirus reminds employers that they must protect vulnerable workers' rights. Multiple examples: Isolated workers in a broad market with many short-term, temporary, and independent contracts are more likely to lose their jobs.

Office cleaners and corporate cafeteria workers who lose business when offices shut are likewise unreliable. Migrant workers' rights may be at risk, and women may shoulder a disproportionate amount of unpaid caregiving and workplace dangers, particularly in the unregulated informal sector.

In the US, the poorest have the least health insurance. If treatment is too expensive, employees may not get checked out. Isolated personnel who have kept quiet are now at risk. Business solutions affect suppliers. When addressing supply chain issues, consider how supplier changes may effect workers at temporarily closed operations.

Consider if firms can meet increased production needs without overworking. After shutdowns, suppliers restart manufacturing, therefore firms must deploy coerced labor or COVID-19 to prevent labor problems.

Grocery shops are scarce, and in the next weeks, food, hygiene products, and other necessities will be essential. Food banks are reporting shortages, highlighting already vulnerable communities. Logistics and pharmaceutical companies will ensure a consistent supply of medications and other medical goods.

We must consider risks and research while employing technology. When government authorities use face recognition, surveillance, and mobility tracking to limit movement and identify infected people, privacy and other rights must be protected.

When contact is possible, such as in fitness centers, healthcare providers, and movie theaters, make sure the premises and equipment are clean and that customers can stay away if they want.

The travel and tourism sector has far-reaching effects on national economies and social fabric.   The national economy benefits from this sort of activity because of the "multiplier effect," which increases the profitability of complementary businesses.   Domestic tourism has emerged as a major contributor to the tourist industry's overall financial success.  The article provides a summary of international and local experience in the growth of domestic tourism, from which the key strategies for fostering domestic tourist growth in various nations may be derived.

Among the many subcategories of tourism, one of the most important contributors to financial success is the practice of going on vacation inside one's own country.  The creation of an investment-friendly policy need to be a crucial long-term goal in order to facilitate the growth of the domestic tourist sector. It paves the way for the creation, storage, and reproduction of tourist resources, in addition to the growth of the tourism sector and the infrastructure that supports it.  It is vital to have a well-founded system that properly evaluates the economic impact of domestic tourism in order to successfully plan the growth of domestic tourism. This is a requirement for effective planning of the expansion of domestic tourism.  There are many different approaches that may be used in the research that is done to analyze the impact that domestic tourism has on the economy of a country or a region. It is quite probable that the best results will be achieved via the use of a specialized multiplier prototypical.  The regional tourism multiplier is an pointer that represents the secondary influence that tourism has not only on the local economy but also on the social sphere. This influence may be measured in a number of different ways. The calculation of the coefficient exposes its actual worth, as it displays the amount of extra money that is supplied to the economy of the local area by each tourist spend. The multiplier of commercial operations is a representation of the increase in turnover that commercial operations have experienced as a consequence of increased spending in the tourism industry. This growth is a direct consequence of the overall increase in the cost of tourism. It would be emphasized that the effect of vacation industry in the form of augmented demand for products and services in the area is of the utmost significance and carries a great amount of weight. This is because tourism accounts for a significant portion of the region's economy. Because tourism creates a need for a certain set of services, it is necessary for those services to be created. This, in turn, encourages the growth of companies that manufacture things for the tourism sector, such as souvenir stores and local food producers.

International marketing taught us that globalization's possibilities and risks have changed company law. Globalization, technology, and the Internet's rising importance in people's professional and individual lives have made the worldwide economy more competitive. This has altered corporate choices, particularly marketing executive decisions.

After learning about conventional and global marketing, I realized how significant it is for contemporary marketers to have a universal perspective. Modern marketers must consider more elements, make decisions faster, and innovate.

My coursework says current marketers require creativity and "out-of-the-box thinking." Innovative and cost-effective marketing techniques need these talents. Creative thinking generates viral and YouTube marketing.

Global viewpoints strengthened PESTEL and SWOT investigations. Global SWOT and PESTEL analyses require more criteria.

The instructor's excellent communication and teaching approach, motivation, and inspiration piqued my attention. Every lesson was thorough and insightful.

I learned to spot global marketing prospects through class case studies. I also realized that global marketing mix components are difficult to deploy. When a corporation solely works in its home country, its marketing mix will be the same throughout, making marketing easier. However, market factors affected the company's overseas marketing mix.

International marketing has taught me that the Internet has changed business and marketing techniques. Students learned that 10 years ago, there was no Facebook, viral marketing, blogging, or YouTube marketing. Others were given. These marketing strategies remain popular. Thus, global marketing was dynamic, and firms needed to be proactive to gain from innovative advertising.

Class talks inspired. After feeling afraid, I began engaging in classroom conversations, which helped me gain confidence and improve my communication skills.

I studied international marketing, market intelligence, and primary and secondary data.

I've observed global marketing managers require more analytical skills. Program-related international marketing case studies yielded this finding.

Case studies seemed overly lengthy when we began the program. After realizing that case studies were primarily approximations of real-life business problems I may experience in my future employment, I was able to take them more seriously and even found them encouraging and inspiring towards the end of the course.

Global rivalry shortened product life cycles, making new product creation harder.

Before taking international marketing courses, I had no clue how essential cultural issues are in business. Classes stressed the importance of cross-cultural awareness and how it might misread international marketing messages. Foreign managers must understand their local cultures to prevent these issues.

The expansion of the country's tourism and service industries as a direct result of the development of technological advances will have the following effects: the production of new jobs; a rapid pace of regional development; an increase in the nation's revenue in foreign exchange; a boost in its standard of life and income; and an increase in the nation's value as a location for foreign direct investment.  Especially during the course of a worldwide epidemic, when individuals are not only compelled to work but also to stay in isolated areas. This is due to the fact that a significant number of commercial and service industries, government services, and other industries have shifted to using the remote service method. As a direct consequence of this, people are obliged to work and to dwell in isolated regions.  The economy that was built on digital goods and services started growing at a startlingly rapid pace.  People came to the opinion that it was financially responsible following taking into consideration the vast movement of communication tools to digital communications and the transition of interaction with the state to digital channels. People came with the view that it was financially responsible after considering both of these factors. The coronavirus has taught businesses a crucial lesson: the technology that links all in the world to the online is pushing every asset into the realm of software-controlled digital content. Businesses have learnt this lesson as a result of the coronavirus.  These businesses have been pioneers in the implementation of a sophisticated digital economy.  Work in the economy of the future will be centered on digital platforms.  In the conditional connectivity of users, companies, devices, data, and processes, we are seeing a new type of economic activity that links people, organizations, and machines. This new form of economic activity brings people and machines together.

Small enterprises must advertise. Due to numerous hurdles, small firms may find it harder to sell their goods and services than huge enterprises. Financial and resource issues are biggest.

Iterative marketing methods examine the organization's present state and surroundings. The strategy lists target market, competitors, barriers, and opportunities. Without marketing, the firm would fail. This connects buyers and sellers.

Small companies want simple marketing. Email marketing includes newsletters, website design, and direct mail like postcards and brochures. Direct-mail advertising is another approach. These initiatives may help you reach new customers economically and raise brand recognition. Smaller firms adjust quickly. Despite a tiny marketing budget, the firm can make quick judgments, providing it an edge.

These organizations may quickly change their advertising techniques if a marketing approach fails. Smaller companies profit. Small businesses must market daily.

Daily emails, blogs, door banners, glass pamphlets, and other promotional strategies are allowed. Strategic relationships help firms grow. Connect with a neighboring firm that provides related products or services. Graphic and web design costs may need to be shared with another company. Divide your earnings between work and recreation to extend your money.

Marketing strategy determines corporate success. Well-planned product and service marketing helps businesses "stay afloat." Most academics describe a marketing strategy as a purposeful plan to achieve objectives and improve revenues. These strategic choices are often affected by the economy. Customers' needs change.

Small company owners and managers must understand strategic marketing as the economy worsens. Marketing is a crucial business strategy. It identifies your ideal consumers for marketing. Boosts goals.

This approach addresses consumer needs and suggests company actions. Small company CEOs need creative marketing strategies. To assure marketing strategy success, academics devised five principles.

Go where your consumers are, stand out, show your company's individuality, and build an emotional connection. Don't try to sell to them. Finding a market segment without rivals is the first step to a successful marketing plan. Most small firms benefit from targeted strategy.

Marketing will decide its success. Performance improves market position, operational risks, brand recognition, customer happiness, and competitiveness.

Your company's growth plan needs market research in today's competitive marketplace. Marketing involves price, promotions, obtaining dormant niches in current markets, and creating new niches. A firm can stay competitive and run more effectively with the right marketing approach. These and other elements affect a company's research subject relevancy.

Create a marketing plan and formula. As part of the diploma project, I summarized theoretical approaches to marketing strategy development, presented the enterprise's organizational and economic characteristics, conducted a complete analysis of the business's activities, with strategic, advertising, and entrant analyses, and proposed an effective marketing strategy.

This research studied how to create a theoretically sound marketing plan. Research and marketing tools were created for firm analysis and strategy. Remember to build true consumer connections and adapt quickly to their changing needs while creating a marketing plan.

Online marketing and other new media are outperforming newspaper, magazine, radio, and television ads. Digital marketing lets firms interact with clients in new ways and learn about their online and offline behaviors. Businesses need digital marketing more than ever.

Today's Internet-driven environment makes "marketing" ambiguous.  Many think digital will accelerate the complete revamping of all markets. Digital transformation requires finding and implementing cutting-edge technologies customized for an enterprise.

However, in the digital era, marketing isn't limited to cutting-edge tactics.  Businesses can only profit from data and automation by deliberately redefining their identity.

Modern digital marketers must understand their clients, their issues, and their unstated needs to succeed.  Thus, choosing tools depends on your goals. "Digital marketing" involves advertising products and services online to reach a certain audience and encourage two-way communication. Digital marketing boosts revenue and brand exposure.  Digital marketing may promote goods, services, and brands. Television and radio digital marketing uses the Internet and mobile devices to communicate.

Your marketing should develop trust and credibility via actual connection and trustworthy content to stand out. Digital marketing should start conversations, not simply create an impression.  Engagement analytics may reveal customers' and organizations' preferences.  Peers and celebrities' views are trusted, therefore digital advertising, particularly influencer marketing, is rising. Social media connections increase customer loyalty.  Consumers now want trustworthy content. Smart marketers recognize that customers who see them as experts are easiest to win over. A company's trust will increase if it offers free, relevant information across various media.

What makes meaningful conversations? Customer-business dialogue.  Honesty and openness build trust. Due to industry development, many organizations now appreciate the need of continual, two-way connection with consumers. Social internet and celebrities encourage honest dialogue.   Customers are more likely to invest emotionally and financially in a firm if they can freely express their worries and critiques.  Making an educated decision makes customers feel successful. Consumer-educating brands improve customers' lives.

Digital marketing improves results and effectiveness measurement.  Second, digital technology allows us to gather data from thousands of individuals worldwide who watched the same commercial and study the results in real time.  Due to their extensive application, digital technologies, especially those available online, may meet the diverse demands of the Internet's primary user base.

However, certain strategies fail. Online marketing is systematic.  Brands may reach the correct audience with contextual advertising. Contextual advertising will rise for successful customers. A firm targeting rich young people should employ social media, smartphone applications, internet advertising, and viral content.   The digital revolution has created several digital marketing advantages. Digital marketing is crucial for successful companies. SMM is one.  

In the current digital environment, social media has emerged as a highly effective medium for companies to utilize to actively engage with their clients and customers. Platforms for social media provide businesses with a convenient and low-cost means of communicating with their customers and forming relationships with those customers. This platform makes it easier for companies to engage with their clients by enabling them to solicit feedback and provide answers to questions posed by customers.

Businesses now can communicate directly with their customer base thanks to the platforms provided by social media, which enables them to more effectively contact and engage with specific demographic subgroups. The usage of social media platforms enables organizations to generate material that connects with their target population and make connections with them that are specifically customized to their needs. This makes it possible for companies to earn their consumers' trust, which in turn leads to a rise in customer loyalty and, ultimately, income.

Better monitoring of customer involvement can be achieved through an organization's use of social media networks. Numerous social media platforms offer analytics tools that can assist businesses in gaining a better understanding of the performance of their content as well as the ways in which their customers interact with it. With the use of this data, companies are able to measure the success of their marketing initiatives and create content that is tailored to the specific population they are trying to reach.

In conclusion, platforms for social media provide businesses with a critical avenue for expanding their customer base through the use of social media. Employing digital platforms enables businesses to communicate with people all over the world, leading to a huge increase in the number of customers they serve. Businesses now have the opportunity to interact with prospective customers who were previously unaware of their existence thanks to the platforms provided by social media. This strategy has the potential to significantly boost the visibility of businesses and successfully bring in a whole new group of customers.

It is safe to say that the manner in which businesses interact with their customers has been profoundly disrupted by the proliferation of social media. The growth of technology has made it possible to increase communication between companies and their clients, which has paved the way for the cultivation of robust connections and the monitoring of client contact. In addition to this, it has given companies the chance to extend their client base and raise the level of awareness they enjoy in their respective markets. As a consequence of this, companies of any size can profit from making strategic use of the potential offered by various social media platforms.

Business is affected by AI. AI systems can perceive, speak, decide, and translate like humans. AI machine learning and deep learning algorithms could change business decisions. Commercial decision-making benefits from AI's speed and accuracy in analyzing massive amounts of data. Data analysis is slow and error prone. AI-powered systems can evaluate enormous datasets faster, helping organizations make better decisions based on accurate insights. Businesses can adjust their marketing plan using AI to analyze client data and predict future behavior.

Artificial intelligence can automate business decision-making. AI systems may automate many routine tasks, freeing up humans for more complex and creative decision-making. This boosts efficiency and cuts expenses. AI-powered chatbots can assist customers and answer inquiries.

AI improves decision-making precision. AI technologies remove bias and emotions for data-driven insights. This helps organizations improve estimations and reduce errors. Financial fraud detection using AI systems reduces company losses.

AI has pros and cons. AI decision-making raises ethical issues. AI algorithms promote training data biases. Legal and reputational risks exist. Businesses must train AI algorithms on diverse, unbiased datasets.

Algorithm transparency limits commercial AI decision-making. AI's deep learning models are often considered black boxes, making their outputs difficult to understand. This ambiguity may make high-stakes decisions difficult. Businesses must balance AI model accuracy and interpretability for findings.

Commercial AI decision-making requires massive infrastructure and skill investments. Businesses need high-performance computing, data storage, and AI skills to use AI. SMEs without AI resources may struggle. SMEs need government support and AI promotion.

AI could improve business decision-making. AI systems will become smarter and make harder decisions. AI algorithms can improve supply chain management, resource allocation, and risk assessment for corporations.

IoT and blockchain may boost AI's corporate decision-making. IoT data helps AI systems make smart decisions. can assure openness and security of AI-generated insights, allowing enterprises to trust and confirm AI-based decisions.

AI-based business decision-making raises ethical and security problems. Effective rules and ethical frameworks are needed to regulate autonomous AI systems that can make complex decisions. AI-based decision-making must be transparent, fair, and accountable to maintain public trust.

AI improves efficiency, accuracy, and automation, helping organizations make better decisions. AI in commercial decision-making both benefits and hazards. AI-using companies must address ethics, transparency, and investment. Despite these challenges, AI's ability to aid commercial decision-making is appealing. In a changing market, businesses must use AI to better decision-making.

One of the distinctive obstacles encountered when conducting business in emerging markets pertains to the prevalent political and regulatory instability within these geographical areas. Governments in emerging markets are susceptible to experiencing frequent transitions, resulting in fluctuations in policies and regulations that have the potential to influence business operations. Moreover, the presence of corruption and bureaucratic red tape can pose significant challenges for companies endeavoring to navigate the intricate regulatory framework. The presence of instability poses challenges for businesses in formulating and implementing long-term strategies, necessitating the cultivation of adaptability and flexibility in order to prosper in such contexts.

One additional obstacle encountered when conducting business in emerging markets pertains to the constraints imposed by the existing infrastructure. Numerous developing economies exhibit a deficiency in essential physical infrastructure, encompassing dependable transportation networks, power provision, and communication systems. These constraints have the potential to impede the effective functioning of enterprises and escalate expenses. Organizations may be required to allocate resources towards the development of their own infrastructure or explore alternative strategies in order to address these constraints. Insufficient infrastructure can also have an adverse effect on supply chain management and distribution, thereby exacerbating the complexities of business operations.

Businesses operating in emerging markets face additional challenges due to cultural and language barriers. Every market possesses distinct cultural norms, customs, and business practices that necessitate companies' comprehension and adjustment. Neglecting to adhere to this practice may lead to instances of misinterpretation, ineffective exchange of information, and ultimately, missed prospects for business advancement. Language barriers can pose difficulties when it comes to establishing effective communication with local stakeholders, such as customers, suppliers, and employees. To surmount these obstacles, it is imperative to possess cultural sensitivity, intercultural competence, and the capacity to establish robust connections with indigenous collaborators and stakeholders.

In summary, engaging in commercial activities within emerging markets entails a distinct array of obstacles that necessitate cautious navigation. The presence of political and regulatory instability within these markets can engender a sense of uncertainty and impede the smooth functioning of business operations. Insufficient transportation and communication networks can present challenges in effectively conducting business, thereby highlighting the significance of infrastructure limitations. Furthermore, the presence of cultural and linguistic barriers can pose challenges in establishing interpersonal connections and comprehending the intricacies of the local market. Nevertheless, notwithstanding these obstacles, emerging markets also present substantial prospects for growth and expansion. By comprehending and effectively tackling these challenges, enterprises can proficiently navigate the intricacies of conducting business in emerging markets and attain the benefits of venturing into these vibrant economies.

Innovative strategies can help Filipino retailers adjust to shifting conditions. The Philippines retail sector struggles with supply chain inefficiencies and logistics due to infrastructural and geographical constraints. This category includes late deliveries, expensive storage, and difficult access to remote places. Inefficiencies increase expenses, diminish profit margins, make on-time delivery harder, and hurt inventory management. Retailers must experiment to improve supply chain management. Businesses may invest in alternative transportation, collaborate with logistical partners, or optimize route with technology to reach this goal. Merchants can stay competitive and satisfy customers by addressing these issues.

Retail is competitive. Local and foreign retailers compete in the Philippine retail market. Rapid urbanization and new commerce formats have increased rivalry in big cities. Online businesses and overseas firms have further saturated the market. Retailers must use price optimization, product innovation, excellent customer service, and targeted, personalized marketing to stand out in a crowded market. Today's competitive industry requires suppliers, customer loyalty, and digital change.

Philippine retail is changing due to consumer tastes and demographics. As the middle class grows and discretionary expenditures rise, consumers value quality, convenience, and experiences along with price. To satisfy customers' changing tastes, retailers must offer a wide range of high-quality products, personalized service, and fun in-store events. E-commerce enterprises benefit from the country's young, tech-savvy population. Brick-and-mortar establishments need sophisticated, user-friendly e-commerce platforms to please tech-savvy shoppers.

Business, economics, and organization growth depend on potential. Organizations, sectors, and markets have growth potential. The Philippine retail industry faces many challenges, but it also has many growth potential. The country's rising consumer market is driven by economic growth, demographics, and urbanization. Retailers can target untapped areas with rising spending power to capitalize on these opportunities. The country's strong internet penetration also bodes well for online business. This is an opportunity for retailers to improve their online presence, user interfaces, and delivery methods. By partnering with local MSMEs, retailers can support local entrepreneurship and get unique products.

The Philippines' retail sector has supply chain management difficulties, high competition, and changing consumer tastes. Despite the barriers, there are many growth and development chances. Retailers must use technology, try new things, and adjust rapidly to market changes to be competitive. Retailers may succeed in the Philippines' dynamic retail market by strategically using the country's favorable demographics, rising disposable income, and technology advances.

The Philippines is not immune to the worldwide urgency surrounding the topic of sustainable development. The prosperity and development of the nation depend on the adoption of sustainable business practices, especially considering the alarming rates of ecological damage and social inequality. As a developing nation, the Philippines faces significant obstacles on the path to sustainable development. Deforestation, air and water pollution, and a decline in biodiversity are only some of the negative effects of the country's rapid industrialization and population increase on its natural resources. However, the government has made several steps to deal with these problems. A framework for incorporating sustainable practices into corporate operations is provided by the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the Philippine Development Plan (PDP). The goals of these regulations are to foster sustainable development, social progress, and environmental protection.

The Philippines' business community is likewise aware of the value of sustainable methods and is taking action to adopt them. Many businesses now have "Corporate Social Responsibility" (CSR) programs designed to help the community and the environment. Some companies, for instance, have made efforts to promote sustainable resource management by investing in renewable energy sources, decreasing trash generation, and launching recycling programs. They have also come to appreciate the worth of ethical labor practices, which include providing workers with living wages, safe working conditions, and equal access to advancement. Though these developments are encouraging, obstacles still prevent the complete incorporation of sustainable practices into business operations. Financing constraints for sustainable projects, a lack of knowledge and understanding on the part of enterprises, and the need for more precise rules are just a few of the challenges that must be surmounted. The means and manpower to fully adopt sustainable practices are often lacking, especially in SMEs. As a result, it is essential for the government to offer assistance and incentives to SMEs that move toward more environmentally friendly business practices.

In conclusion, the Philippines' efforts to address environmental degradation and social inequality will benefit greatly from the adoption of sustainable business practices. Although the government has set forth rules to encourage sustainable development, businesses play a crucial role in seeing that these policies are actually put into action. Businesses have made an effort to implement CSR activities and green their practices. However, obstacles including a lack of funding and education still need to be overcome. The government can ensure the Philippines' future prosperity and sustainability by encouraging a sustainable corporate culture.

Philippine economic growth has been fueled by exports. Several industries have become major exporters, creating jobs, foreign exchange, and economic resilience.

Electronics and semiconductors lead Philippine exports. Since it can make high-value electronics, the industry has grown steadily. However, market instability, changing consumer needs, and aggressive Asian competition pose obstacles. Research and development are vital to the sector's long-term prosperity.

Philippine GDP has always relied on agricultural exports. Fruit, coconut, and processed food exports continue to expand. To compete globally, the industry must invest in new agricultural methods, supply chain infrastructure, and product quality.

BPO is another successful Philippine export. Outsourcing is popular in the country due to its professional and English-speaking workforce. Customer assistance, IT support, and back-office operations boost export income. Diversifying BPO into knowledge-based services and supporting local entrepreneurs is the challenge.

Skilled workers and low labor costs have boosted the garments and textiles industry. Philippine fabrics, clothes, and accessories are popular worldwide. Design innovation, sustainable manufacturing, and entering global fashion marketplaces controlled by established brands are hurdles.

Tourism has become a major export sector, generating foreign cash and jobs. International tourists love the Philippines' beautiful beaches, rich culture, and natural attractions. Infrastructure development, sustainable tourism, and visitor safety are crucial.

Philippines pharmaceutical and healthcare exports are also rising. Domestic and worldwide demand for generic drugs is making the country a regional centre. Ensuring conformity with international standards, bridging the gap between research and development, and investing in new manufacturing technologies are essential for industry success.

Philippines renewable energy exports are huge. With enormous solar, wind, and geothermal resources, the nation may dominate the global energy industry. Investment in renewable energy infrastructure, supportive regulations, and foreign investment may boost this industry, promoting sustainable development and lowering greenhouse gas emissions.

Craftsmanship and innovative ideas have helped the furniture and home décor business export more. Promoting Filipino design aesthetics, investing in sophisticated production technology, and boosting market access via e-commerce may boost this industry.

Automotive parts and components exports are growing. Multinational corporations invest in the country due to its strategic position and talented workforce. To maintain development and competitiveness, indigenous competencies, technical know-how, and international collaboration are essential.

In conclusion, Philippine export businesses are varied and boost economic development. These industries need ongoing infrastructure, innovation, technology adoption, and legislative changes. The Philippines can become a competitive exporter by tackling difficulties and using opportunities, creating jobs and boosting economic development.

E-commerce has grown rapidly in the Philippines. Internet connection, mobile devices, and customer interest in online shopping are driving this increase. Digital payment methods have enabled the rise by offering consumers with safe transactions and allowing businesses to expand beyond brick-and-mortar locations.

Smartphones and cheap internet connections are driving e-commerce growth in the Philippines. Since 97% of Filipinos have mobile phones, consumer engagement in the digital economy has increased. Over 71 million internet users are a result. Thus, more people may access the digital marketplace and make online purchases. Technology has allowed micro, small, and medium companies (MSMEs) to expand their client base and market presence.

E-commerce in the Philippines is driven by shifting customer tastes. E-commerce has become more popular due to the development of the middle class, urbanization, and the younger generation's tech-savvy. The Filipino populace has become more comfortable with online purchases, leading to a rise in online shoppers and a greater range of items in the digital marketplace.

Digital payment methods have boosted Philippine e-commerce. Mobile wallets and internet banking are convenient, safe, and user-friendly, which has increased their appeal. Digital technology makes transactions easy, eliminating the need for cash or cards. This has increased online sales and allowed non-bankers to participate in the digital economy. This promotes financial inclusion and economic prosperity.

Businesses and consumers benefit from digital payments. Digital transactions can improve payment efficiency by lowering fraud and cash handling costs. E-commerce and digital payments by MSMEs may boost revenue, customer reach, and brand visibility. Digital payment systems also provide valuable data insights that help businesses understand their customers, customize their products and services, and boost customer happiness.

E-commerce and digital payments have grown in the Philippines. To continue this good trend, it is necessary to recognize and overcome several hurdles. Older age groups and rural populations have low digital literacy, which hinders adoption and use. To build consumer and company trust, a safe, reliable digital payments system is essential. Government, financial institutions, and technology suppliers must collaborate to mitigate cybersecurity threats, fraud concerns, and infrastructure inadequacies.

In conclusion, improved internet access, changing customer tastes, and favorable market conditions have helped the Philippine e-commerce business grow. Secure, quick, and inclusive payment methods have boosted digital payments. Digital payments benefit individuals and companies, increasing financial inclusion and economic growth. To sustain e-commerce and digital payments in the Philippines, digital literacy and cybersecurity must be addressed. Addressing these issues would improve the nation's economy and overall well-being.

Businesses worldwide have been impacted by the COVID-19 outbreak, including in the Philippines. First and foremost, the pandemic has reduced consumer demand in different Philippine businesses. The virus's lockdown and mobility limitations have impacted foot traffic, notably in eateries and retail stores. The Philippine business environment is dominated by SMEs, who have been hit hard by current crisis. owing to widespread job losses and lower salaries, companies have struggled to survive owing to limited access to physical marketplaces and diminished purchasing power.

Due to the crisis, businesses have had to adopt e-commerce and digital platforms more. Online shopping and contactless transactions have increased in the Philippines due to the epidemic. Businesses who were sluggish to adopt digitalization have forced to change fast or risk closure. E-commerce stores and meal delivery businesses that moved online have seen demand rise. Businesses must react to enormous changes with agility and digital transformation.

Additionally, the epidemic has highlighted the importance of a strong and diverse supply chain. Due to global trade interruptions and transportation issues, import-dependent businesses have faced several hurdles. Businesses have had to find new suppliers or change their manufacturing methods due to a lack of supply and raw materials. To reduce dependency on overseas markets, robust supply networks and local manufacturing are needed.

Philippine hospitality and tourism have been hurt badly by the pandemic. Travel restrictions and fear of catching the virus have halted local and international tourism. Due to the protracted client absence, hotels, airlines, and tour companies have suffered significant losses. In a post-pandemic environment, firms must develop new tactics to rebuild customer confidence and adapt to shifting travel habits.

Businesses have benefited from government policies and services. The Philippine government has offered loan moratoriums, salary subsidies, and grants to help businesses recover from the pandemic. These initiatives vary in efficacy and accessibility, with some firms failing to get the help they need. As a graduate student, you must critically evaluate these policies to determine their usefulness and find methods to improve their implementation for the benefit of businesses and the economy.

Finally, the epidemic has forced companies to rethink their management and operations. Remote work has become the norm, stressing the need for firms to invest in digital infrastructure and train staff to use it. In addition, organizations have had to alter their business strategies and innovate to survive. This crisis has allowed firms to think and make changes to improve their long-term resilience and readiness for future upheavals.

The COVID-19 epidemic has had a major impact on Philippine enterprises across all industries. Businesses that can adapt, embrace digitization, and maintain robust supply chains will survive and thrive in these tough times.

Southeast Asia's Philippines has a thriving economy. Through rules and regulations, the government shapes business. Philippine trade policies encourage international commerce and foreign investment. Free trade agreements, export-oriented programs, and investment incentives are examples. The Philippine Export Development Plan provides financial support and trade promotion to export-oriented firms. Businesses can develop worldwide thanks to the country's involvement in ASEAN. Tax policies strongly impact company and investment decisions. Philippine tax advantages encourage local and global investment. The Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion (TRAIN) bill cuts personal income taxes and streamlines the tax structure, encouraging investment. To boost economic growth, the government gives manufacturing, tourism, and IT-Business Process Management (IT-BPM) sectors tax incentives.  Philippines labor laws defend employees' rights and maintain fairness. The 1974 Philippine Labor Code covers employment, working conditions, and social security. Employers must pay minimum wage, offer health insurance and retirement programs, and follow hiring, firing, and working hour laws. These policies combine worker rights and company interests to maintain a stable business environment. Businesses need infrastructure development. "Build, Build, Build" is the Philippine government's infrastructure initiative. This plan builds roads, bridges, airports, seaports, and railways to fix the nation's infrastructure. The government wants to boost economic development and corporate competitiveness through enhancing transportation networks and connectivity. The Philippine government encourages foreign investment via business-friendly policies. The "Ease of Doing Business and Efficient Government Service Delivery Act," passed in 2018, simplifies bureaucratic processes and lowers red tape. For international investors, the Philippine Economic Zone Authority (PEZA) offers tax benefits and easier business registration. These policies attempt to boost the country's business appeal and attract foreign capital, creating jobs and economic growth.

Philippine business is shaped by government policy. Trade, taxation, labor, infrastructure, and foreign investment policies are reviewed. The Philippine government has clearly worked to foster commercial growth. However, policies must be monitored and improved to handle new difficulties and sustain economic development in a competitive corporate environment.

Entrepreneurship and innovation drive economic progress. The Philippines has a thriving economy and entrepreneurial ecosystem. Entrepreneurship and investment have flourished due to government policies and incentives. The country's strategic location and broad market attract local and global enterprises. Filipino culture values entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurs are resilient, resourceful, and adaptable Filipinos. Filipinos are able to recognize and capitalize on chances due to their upbringing in a dynamic environment. This fosters entrepreneurship and innovation in numerous areas.

Entrepreneurs need education to succeed. Entrepreneurship education has been a priority in the Philippines' curriculum. Students learn business ideas in K-12 programs, fostering an entrepreneurial attitude.

Entrepreneurship and innovation may boost Philippine economic growth, the government believes. It established incubators and accelerators to help startups. The Technology Business Incubation Program, run by the government, mentors, funds, and connects startups from various industries.

Startup investment is growing in the Philippines, which is important for entrepreneurs. In recent years, venture capital companies, angel investors, and crowdfunding platforms have filled the funding vacuum, enabling start-ups to innovate and grow.

Philippines businesses and innovators enjoy unparalleled potential because to technology. Mobile phones and the internet allow enterprises to contact more people and enter new markets. Small and medium firms have thrived on e-commerce platforms.

Social entrepreneurship, which addresses social issues while making money, has grown in the Philippines. Social entrepreneurs tackle poverty, education, and healthcare through creative business strategies. These businesses boost communities and the economy.

Despite advances, the Philippines struggles to promote entrepreneurship and innovation. Capital shortages, onerous business rules, and infrastructural shortages hamper entrepreneurial development. Policy changes, infrastructural development, and greater research and development are helping the government and corporate sector handle these issues.

Philippine entrepreneurship and innovation generate economic growth, job creation, and social development. The country can unleash its entrepreneurial potential with a supportive government, strong educational programs, and a culture that encourages resilience and invention. Addressing remaining issues and encouraging entrepreneurship and innovation are necessary to sustain success.

In the current digital environment, social media has emerged as a highly effective medium for companies to utilize to actively engage with their clients and customers. Platforms for social media provide businesses with a convenient and low-cost means of communicating with their customers and forming relationships with those customers. This platform makes it easier for companies to engage with their clients by enabling them to solicit feedback and provide answers to questions posed by customers.

Businesses now can communicate directly with their customer base thanks to the platforms provided by social media, which enables them to more effectively contact and engage with specific demographic subgroups. The usage of social media platforms enables organizations to generate material that connects with their target population and make connections with them that are specifically customized to their needs. This makes it possible for companies to earn their consumers' trust, which in turn leads to a rise in customer loyalty and, ultimately, income.

Better monitoring of customer involvement can be achieved through an organization's use of social media networks. Numerous social media platforms offer analytics tools that can assist businesses in gaining a better understanding of the performance of their content as well as the ways in which their customers interact with it. With the use of this data, companies are able to measure the success of their marketing initiatives and create content that is tailored to the specific population they are trying to reach.

In conclusion, platforms for social media provide businesses with a critical avenue for expanding their customer base through the use of social media. Employing digital platforms enables businesses to communicate with people all over the world, leading to a huge increase in the number of customers they serve. Businesses now have the opportunity to interact with prospective customers who were previously unaware of their existence thanks to the platforms provided by social media. This strategy has the potential to significantly boost the visibility of businesses and successfully bring in a whole new group of customers.

It is safe to say that the manner in which businesses interact with their customers has been profoundly disrupted by the proliferation of social media. The growth of technology has made it possible to increase communication between companies and their clients, which has paved the way for the cultivation of robust connections and the monitoring of client contact. In addition to this, it has given companies the chance to extend their client base and raise the level of awareness they enjoy in their respective markets. As a consequence of this, companies of any size can profit from making strategic use of the potential offered by various social media platforms.

In recent years, technology has had a significant impact on education. From the introduction of computers in the classroom to the proliferation of online education, technology has changed the way in which we learn.

Utilizing technology in education has many advantages. To begin with, it can make learning more interactive and engaging. Students can engage with digital content in novel ways, including by viewing videos, playing games, and engaging in simulations. This can improve their comprehension and retention of the material.

In addition, technology can facilitate personalized instruction. Students have access to content that is customized to their specific interests and requirements. This allows them to learn at their own pace and in the most effective manner imaginable.

In addition, technology can facilitate students' access to a greater variety of resources. Students have access to global information and can complete assignments in collaboration. This can help them acquire global skills and become more invested in their education.

Utilizing technology in education does not come without challenges. Obtaining and maintaining the essential hardware and software at a reasonable price is problematic. Due to the fact that not all students have access to technology, there is a digital divide.

In spite of these obstacles, the advantages of integrating technology into education outweigh the risks. Technology can boost motivation, interactivity, individualization, and connectivity in learning. Consequently, it is becoming an increasingly vital component of the educational landscape.

Introduction

Technology in the classroom is essential in today's ever-evolving society. Students at higher levels of professional education benefit much from learning to use computers effectively. Students benefit academically, intellectually, and professionally from the use of digital learning tools. This paper delves into the topic of how vocational students acquire ICT competencies in online classrooms.

Career colleges typically feature computer education.

To be digitally competent, one must be able to effectively use and critically evaluate digital resources. Computer literacy, social media savvy, content production, critical thinking, and online ethics all contribute to what is known as "digital competence" in vocational education. Students majoring in the technical fields should acquire these abilities because of the prevalence of digital difficulties in the workplace.

Hints on technology for the skilled trades

Using Technology in the Classroom

Integrating technology into professional education courses is the most effective way to teach students to use digital tools effectively. The combination should help achieve educational aims. Engaging kids in exciting activities, group projects, and realistic models that reflect their future experiences is possible thanks to the efforts of dedicated educators.

Education in the Digital Arts

Classes in digital skills are another fantastic approach to grow. Workshops, seminars, and online classes provide students the digital skills they need for certain jobs. Software, data analysis tools, and digital marketing platforms tailored to certain industries are the focus of these gatherings.

The use of projects to teach

Students in a practical education program can benefit from working on computer-related projects. Kids learn logic and problem-solving skills through digital activities. You may create profiles, websites, and market your businesses with the use of digital tools.

Online resources for education

There are many online learning systems used for digital learning. Students have more freedom to experiment with new technologies, choose their own learning pace, and acquire knowledge not covered in the standard curriculum when they enroll in a vocational program. Online education also facilitates student career specialization.

Working together to gain knowledge

Computer and technology education can benefit from students working together. Through activities like group projects and peer training, individuals are better able to teach and learn from one another. This encourages people to try new things online and gives them a sense of digital security.

Conclusion

Ability with technology is essential for success in today's job market. As the world of work and education becomes increasingly digital, it is imperative that today's youth acquire these abilities. Vocational education students can benefit from the incorporation of technology in the curriculum, the teaching of digital skills, project-based learning, online learning platforms, and collaborative learning.

Students in vocational programs can benefit from these strategies and the ability to adapt to new technologies by becoming more technologically savvy.

Social networking has become an essential component of life for many young people. They utilize it to interact with friends and family, express themselves, and learn about the outside world. Nevertheless, worries about social media's possible detrimental effects on young people's learning habits are escalating.

Here are a few potential detrimental consequences of social media on youngsters' study habits:

Teenagers may find social media to be a major distraction, especially while attempting to concentrate on their studies.

• Procrastination: Using social media, teenagers can easily put off finishing their homework. They might be persuaded to browse social media instead of finishing their homework.

• Information overload: For young individuals, the amount of information available on social media can be overwhelming. They could struggle to concentrate on their studies and learn efficiently as a result.

• Bullying that occurs online or through technology is known as cyberbullying. Adolescents may experience a decline in their emotional stability and learning capacity as a result.

There are several ways that social media may affect how young people learn, including:

• Young people can access a range of information on social media, including information on their education.

• Social media gives youth the opportunity to learn from one another, which can increase teamwork.

• Motivation: social media can help kids study by giving them a place to share their work and get comments from others.

The overall impact of social media on young people's learning habits is probably going to differ depending on a wide range of factors, including each young person's personality, the amount of time they spend on social media, and how they use it. But it's important to be aware of the possible damage social media could do to kids' learning behaviors so that parents, teachers, and kids themselves can take preventative measures.

The modern era's rapid technical growth has had a significant impact on many different markets. Because of this, IT professionals are crucial to technological progress and innovation. For recent IT grads, the job hunt can be equal parts thrilling and terrifying. In this essay, we'll examine the challenges faced by recent graduates in the field of technology and the knowledge and abilities necessary to succeed in this dynamic and competitive industry.

To begin with, Technology-related expertise:

Computer languages and software development: C++, Python, Java, and JavaScript are all essential skills for any IT graduate who aspires to work in the software industry. Making stable, scalable apps requires knowledge of the processes and tools used in software development.

IT grads need skills with big data platforms like Hadoop and Apache Spark as data-driven business choices become the norm. They should also be able to interpret and present information visually.

Information security: As online attacks become more frequent, there is a growing interest in the subject. College grads need skills in network security rule-making, vulnerability assessment, and asset protection planning.

Second, IT graduates need strong communication skills because they frequently interact with clients, cross-functional teams, and end users. Technical ideas need to be explained clearly and concisely for a project to be a success.

Graduates need to be able to assess complicated problems and come up with novel solutions due to the dynamic nature of the technology industry. Critical thinkers, according to IT professionals, are better able to solve problems and create effective solutions.

IT graduates need to be adaptable in order to make use of new tools, frameworks, and processes as they become available due to the rapid pace at which technology evolves. To succeed in today's employment environment, you need to be open to new experiences and knowledgeable about the latest developments.

As a last thought, keep in mind that education is ongoing and never ends. IT grads who want to further their professions should actively seek out opportunities to do so, including certifications, workshops, and online training. They can advance in their careers in the IT industry by always learning new skills.

A fresh IT grad's life is full of obstacles and opportunities in this age of technology. These grads may succeed in the dynamic digital industry with the correct mix of hard and soft skills and a hunger for knowledge. IT professionals that can learn quickly, tackle complex challenges, and communicate effectively with others are highly sought after by employers. In the ever-evolving and expanding sector of technology, IT graduates can find rewarding work and a comfortable living.

Because information technology (IT) is a constantly changing industry, students studying IT in the Philippines must be prepared for the future. This means expanding their knowledge beyond what is taught in the classroom.

There are numerous reasons why IT students should widen their horizons outside of the classroom. To begin with, because the IT industry is always growing, students must be able to keep up with the most recent innovations. Second, pupils must be able to compete with international IT professionals because there are so many of them. Third, because the IT industry requires originality, students must be innovative thinkers.

Outside of the classroom, IT students can enhance their knowledge in a variety of ways. They can take online classes, attend conferences and workshops, and read trade publications. They can also mentor younger students, network with IT specialists, and start their own businesses.

IT students in the Philippines can prepare for a successful future in the IT industry by expanding their knowledge beyond the four walls of their classroom.

IT professionals must be able to handle problems quickly and effectively, and they must be able to expand their knowledge in order to keep up with rapidly evolving technology. Students majoring in information technology must widen their knowledge in order to develop the problem-solving skills required for success in the field. They must enhance their originality and confidence in order to find better jobs in the future.

They should also visit conferences and workshops to network with IT professionals and force themselves to take online courses to keep up with current developments.

Conclusion

Because the information technology field is constantly changing, Philippine IT students must be prepared for the future. By expanding their knowledge beyond the constraints of their classroom, IT students can boost their chances of finding a good job, hone their problem-solving skills, promote their creativity, and acquire confidence. Outside of the classroom, IT students can enhance their knowledge through conferences and workshops, online courses, reading trade publications, networking with IT industry professionals, serving as mentors for younger students, and starting their own businesses.

In the past few years, information and communication technology (ICT) have had a big effect on schooling. ICT can be used to improve the standard of education, make learning more interesting, and make each student's education more unique.

One of the most important benefits of ICT in education is that it gives students access to knowledge and resources that they didn't have before. ICT can be used to get to online textbooks, games that teach, and other tools for learning. This is especially helpful for kids who live in remote places or who don't get to go to the library very often.

ICT in education also makes it possible to customize learning for each student, which is a big deal. ICT can be used to keep track of a student's growth and give them individualized lessons. This lets students learn at their own pace and focus on the areas where they need the most help.

ICT can also help improve the standard of education by making learning more fun and interactive. ICT can be used to make simulators, virtual labs, and other ways to learn that involve interaction. This can help kids learn more and remember what they've learned.

Information and communication technology (ICT) has had a big effect on schooling in the past few years. ICT can be used to improve the standard of education, make learning more interesting, and make each student's education more unique.

Conclusion

In the past few years, ICT has had a big effect on schooling. ICT can be used to improve the standard of education, make learning more interesting, and make each student's education more unique. But it's important to stress that ICT is not a magic bullet. ICT can only be useful if it is used smartly and on purpose. Teachers need to know how to use ICT well, and schools need to have the right facilities in place.

Two of the most important parts of making software are the user interface (UI) and the user experience (UX). UX designers think about how a piece of software is used as a whole, while UI designers think about how it looks. Software that is easy to use, works well, and is fun to use needs UX and UI creators.

When making software in the past, UX and UI design were often an afterthought. But in the past few years, it's become clearer how important UX and UI design is. This is because more and more people are using mobile devices, which means software needs to be easy to use on small screens.

UX/UI designers can change how software is made in a lot of different ways. They can find users' needs or pain points and fix them. Then, they can build solutions that are focused on these needs.

They use things like colors, fonts, and pictures to make a design that is both nice to look at and easy to use.

They also test designs with users to get comments on how to improve them and make sure they meet user needs.

UX/UI designers can make software that is easy to use, works well, and is fun to use by following these rules. This can help software writers in a number of ways, such as making users happy, lowering development costs, and improving software quality, which means fewer bugs and a better overall user experience.

UX/UI designers can have a big impact on how software is made. By following the rules for UX and UI design, they can make software that is easy to use, works well, and is fun to use. This can help software writers in many ways, like making users happy, lowering development costs, and making software better.

As was said at the end, UX/UI designers can change how software is made by paying attention to how people use it and how it looks. By following the rules for UX and UI design, they can make software that is easy to use, works well, and is fun to use. This can help software writers in many ways, like making users happy, lowering development costs, and making software better.

IT workers' social "joke" connotation Information technology (IT) workers in the Philippines are a common punchline in local humor. These jokes frequently reference generalizations about people working in IT, such as that they are introverted, nerdy, and disconnected from the "real world."

The stereotype of IT workers being too preoccupied with their jobs to devote any attention to personal relationships persists. The IT industry is sometimes mocked because of the widespread belief that anyone who works in the field can fix any electronic device. Could you, for instance, repair my washing machine? Or perhaps a freezer? Similar social media account hacking jokes are also acceptable. What, you, a hacker?

These jokes may be entertaining to some, but they are actually rather harmful to those who work in the field of information technology. Those stereotypes that IT workers aren't as competent or "normal" as those in other fields are strengthened by the humor.

In actuality, IT specialists can date and fix washing machines just like everyone else, but they won't hack into a password-protected website since doing so would be unethical. They have as much variety as any other people group. Some people working in IT are extroverts, while others prefer to keep to themselves.

Think twice before cracking a joke about someone who works in IT the next time you hear one. Funny as they may be, jokes nevertheless carry the potential to cause harm. And when it comes to jokes about those who work in IT, they might help spread negative perceptions.

Conclusion

IT workers in the Philippines have a negative social "joke" connotation, which contributes to the misconception that IT workers are not "normal" or as competent as those in other fields. Being conscious of this misconception and actively working to disprove it is crucial.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is gaining traction in today's culture. It has a wide range of potential uses, including but not limited to autonomous vehicles and biometric identification systems. It is crucial that people learn about the moral challenges that technology may present as AI becomes more commonplace.

The threat that AI poses to human employment is one of the most significant social consequences of AI. With further development of AI, many tasks that are currently performed by humans may be automated in the future. There may be more people out of work and more people rebelling as a result of this.

Another possible social impact of AI is a wider gap between those who have access to it and those who do not. Those who can invest in cutting-edge research like AI will have a leg up on the competition. The gap between the rich and the poor may expand as a result of this.

The ethical ramifications of AI cannot be ignored. Sometimes, the biases of the people who designed the algorithms are exposed in the data used to train AI systems. This suggests that bias in AI systems is a real possibility that could contribute to discrimination. An AI may develop bias if it is taught to evaluate people based on the characteristics of a group that is overwhelmingly white.

Improving our understanding of AI's possible social implications is crucial for meeting the problems posed by the technology. So that AI is exclusively used for good, we need to create laws and establish norms to safeguard the public from its potential risks.

Conclusion

The increasing focus on AI has both positive and negative outcomes. While artificial intelligence (AI) holds great promise for the betterment of human life, it is essential that we prepare for the challenges it may provide by increasing public understanding of the likely societal ramifications of this technology. So that AI is exclusively used for good, we need to create laws and establish norms to safeguard the public from its potential risks.

At the heart of every economic nation-building effort is research. It is through research that we gain deep insights into the opportunities and challenges that our economy faces, and it is through research that we develop innovative solutions that can help our economy thrive. Universities have long played a crucial role in economic research, serving as hubs of innovation and intellectual inquiry that constantly push the boundaries of what's possible. Today, we want to explore how university research can be leveraged to drive economic nation-building efforts forward, and what role researchers in academia can play in shaping our society's future.

1. Generating Useful Data and Insights

One of the most critical contributions that researchers in universities can make to economic nation-building is to generate useful data and insights. This information can be used by policymakers and stakeholders to make informed decisions about investment, regulation, and other critical areas of economic policy. Researchers in universities can also aggregate data from multiple sources and create models that can be used to predict future economic trends, providing valuable insights that can be used to guide strategic planning efforts.

2. Developing Innovative Solutions

In addition to generating data, researchers in universities are also uniquely positioned to develop innovative solutions that can help address key economic challenges. Researchers can also help develop new policy recommendations that can lead to more inclusive and sustainable economic growth, ensuring that all members of our society can benefit from our economic progress.

3. Building Collaborative Networks

Another critical role that researchers in universities can play in economic nation-building is to build collaborative networks that can help drive progress forward. By working together with industry leaders, policymakers, and other stakeholders, researchers can leverage their expertise and insights to identify key challenges and opportunities, and develop coordinated strategies for addressing them. This collaboration can help align different stakeholder groups around shared goals and promote trust and cooperation, leading to more effective economic nation-building efforts.

4. Fostering a Culture of Innovation

Finally, researchers in universities can play a critical role in fostering a culture of innovation that can help drive our economy forward. By encouraging and supporting creativity, risk-taking, and experimentation, researchers can create an environment that actively promotes innovation and breaks down barriers to progress. This can help unleash the full potential of our economy and attract new talent, investment, and innovation to our shores, creating a virtuous cycle of economic growth and development.

In conclusion, university research can be a powerful driver of economic nation-building, providing critical data and insights, developing innovative solutions, building collaborative networks, and fostering a culture of innovation. By leveraging the expertise and insights of researchers in universities, we can create a more inclusive and sustainable economy that benefits all members of our society. As researchers in academia, we have a responsibility to embrace our role as change-makers and work together to drive progress forward for the benefit of all.

The phenomenon of expanding country, company, and individual territory integration and interdependence is known as globalization. It has been significantly influenced by technological advancements, with social media marketing emerging as a powerful tool that facilitates and accelerates globalization.

Social media platforms have revolutionized the way businesses market their products and services. In the past, traditional marketing methods were often limited by geographical boundaries and required substantial financial investments. However, social media has provided a cost-effective and efficient way for businesses to reach a global audience. With platforms like Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn having many of engaging users worldwide, businesses can easily connect with potential customers across different countries and cultures.

One of the significant advantages of social media marketing in the context of globalization is its ability to break down communication barriers. Through social media, businesses can engage directly with their international customers, understand their preferences, and tailor their marketing strategies accordingly.

Moreover, social media marketing has enabled businesses to create and promote their brand identity on a global scale. By consistently delivering compelling content and engaging with their audience, companies can build a strong and recognizable brand presence that transcends borders. As a result, consumers from various countries can identify and relate to the brand, leading to increased brand loyalty and advocacy.

Social media has also played a significant role in cultural exchange and understanding. As businesses promote their products and services to diverse audiences, they are exposed to various cultural norms, values, and traditions. In turn, businesses can adapt their marketing strategies to respect and appreciate these cultural differences, leading to more inclusive and culturally sensitive marketing campaigns.

Furthermore, social media marketing has facilitated cross-border collaborations and partnerships. Businesses can easily connect with influencers, other brands, and organizations from different countries to co-create content or launch joint marketing campaigns. These collaborations not only expand the reach of businesses but also foster a sense of global cooperation and mutual benefit.

In the context of globalization, social media has also been instrumental in breaking down trade barriers and promoting cross-border e-commerce. With the rise of social commerce, businesses can now sell their products directly on social media platforms from customers in different parts of the world. This has led to a noteworthy growth in cross-border trade and has further integrated global markets.

At the end, social media marketing has become a driving force behind globalization. Its ability to connect businesses with a global audience, break down communication barriers, promote cultural exchange, and facilitate cross-border collaborations has transformed the way companies approach marketing. As social media continues to evolve, it is essential for businesses and policymakers to navigate its challenges responsibly, ensuring that globalization through social media marketing remains inclusive, respectful, and sustainable in an interconnected world.

The generation that comes after Millennials is known as Generation Z, and it was born approximately in the middle of the 1990s and the early 2010s. Gen series are the first generation that was fully born into the digital age. They were raised in a time of rapid technological development, easy access to information, and a worldwide economy. Their worldview has been molded by these particular circumstances, and as a result, a special entrepreneurial spirit has emerged among them.

The early exposure to technology, Generation Z is particularly tech-savvy. They have an advantage over rivals in the digital age because they are adept at using a variety of digital tools, platforms, and social media. They are able to recognize market opportunities and swiftly adjust to shifting customer preferences because to their skill. Additionally, they have a tremendous advantage over their competitors in the entrepreneurial sector thanks to their ability to use technology for marketing, consumer engagement, and business operations.

Generation Z is renowned for having a strong sense of responsibility for the environment and society. They place high importance on social responsibility, ethics, and sustainability in firms and the goods they buy. This way of thinking has given rise to socially conscious entrepreneurship, as Gen Z businesspeople actively attempt to build companies that have a beneficial influence on society and the environment.

Gen Z tends to value personal fulfillment and autonomy over traditional job trajectories, in contrast to earlier generations. They are more willing to take chances to pursue their hobbies and are less likely to climb the conventional corporate ladder. Entrepreneurship, where they may forge their own paths and control their futures, fits well with this drive for autonomy and self-direction.

Generation Z was raised in a highly linked environment where news and information could be easily accessed from all over the world. They now have a broader outlook and a greater awareness of cultural diversity thanks to this global perspective. As business owners, they are more receptive to investigating worldwide markets, establishing international alliances, and working across international borders.

Adopting the Gig Economy, the entrepreneurial drive of Generation Z jives well with the gig economy, which is defined by short-term contracts and freelance labor. Since it enables them to expand their skill sets, acquire new experiences, and maintain a flexible lifestyle, they feel more at ease with the idea of freelancing or project-based work.

Finally, Generation Z exhibits a distinct entrepreneurial mindset that is shaped by their unique upbringing in a technology-driven, globalized world. Their tech-savviness, innovation, social consciousness, desire for independence, global perspective, have positioned them as a generation of trailblazing entrepreneurs. As they continue to enter the workforce and launch their ventures, their entrepreneurial spirit is likely to reshape the business landscape, driving innovation, and making a positive impact on society and the economy.

Short-term contracts and freelance work are characteristics of the gig and freelancing economy, which has grown around the globe in recent years. The Philippines is no exception to this trend. More Filipinos are embracing flexible work schedules and freelancing opportunities as technology develops and the world becomes more connected. The growth of digital platforms and the broad accessibility of high-speed internet have played a significant role in propelling the gig and freelance economies in the Philippines. Freelancers who have access to internet job marketplaces can quickly connect with clients from all over the world, overcoming regional constraints and increasing their employment options.

The rising need for remote employment and virtual services is what drives the gig economy. Many companies, both domestically and internationally, are becoming more open to outsourcing work to independent contractors who may provide specialized services without the requirement for an office location. Freelancers in a variety of industries, including graphic design, programming, content writing, virtual help, and digital marketing, now have a healthy market as a result.

For many Filipinos, freelancing presents a viable source of income and economic opportunities. With a growing pool of freelancers in the country, competition may seem fierce, but the diversity of skills and services offered creates a dynamic marketplace where there is room for specialization and growth. The gig and freelancing economy have had significant impacts on both the workforce and the broader Philippine economy.

For the workforce, the gig economy has provided opportunities for many Filipinos to have a more flexible work-life balance and earn income from the comfort of their homes. Freelancing also empowers individuals to pursue their passions and build their personal brand. However, it is essential to recognize that freelancing may also come with challenges, such as irregular income and lack of job security, which necessitates financial planning and risk management for freelancers.

The gig economy has helped the economy thrive and create jobs on the economic front. Businesses, especially startups, and SMEs, may now access a wide range of skills without having to commit to a full-time position. Additionally, the money earned by independent contractors supports consumer purchasing and boosts economic activity across a range of industries.

Furthermore, the gig economy has made it possible for the Philippines to access the worldwide market for independent contractor services, placing it as a competitive player in the global independent contractor community. Increased foreign exchange revenues and the growth of the nation's digital economy may result from this.

The Philippines is quickly emerging as a hub for environmentally aware business operations because of its wealth of natural resources and gorgeous scenery. As public awareness of problems with the environment continues to develop, businesses throughout the country are recognizing the benefits of sustainability and embracing green practices to reduce their environmental effect. The Philippines is seeing a rise in environmentally friendly enterprises that place a priority on the preservation of nature and the well-being of local communities, from renewable energy projects to eco-tourism efforts. The development of renewable energy sources is one of the country's most well-known environmental initiatives. Due to the nation's abundance of sunshine and wind, solar and wind energy projects can be built there. All around the archipelago, solar farms and wind turbines are blooming, supplying clean and sustainable energy to run homes, companies, and industries. Utilizing these natural resources helps the Philippines lessen its reliance on fossil fuels, combat climate change, and move toward a more environmentally friendly future.

Sustainable agricultural methods have also gained popularity in the nation along with renewable energy. The environment and public health have been harmed by conventional farming practices that mainly rely on chemicals and pesticides. As a result, more and more farmers are switching to organic farming practices. These techniques put a high priority on protecting the soil, conserving water, and using natural fertilizers while fostering biodiversity and lowering pollution. Businesses that practice sustainable agriculture not only produce food that is healthier but also help local communities and preserve the Philippines' extensive agricultural history.

Another booming industry that supports the nation's commitment to sustainability is eco-tourism. Beautiful beaches, an array of marine life, and lush forests are among the Philippines' most celebrated features. Numerous tourism businesses are adopting environmentally friendly methods as they realize the need of protecting these natural beauties. These organizations work to lessen their negative effects on the environment while offering travelers distinctive and interesting experiences, from encouraging ethical wildlife encounters to utilizing renewable energy in eco-lodges.

Given its fast-expanding population and urbanization, the Philippines' need to manage waste is urgent. The good news is that forward-thinking green businesses are rising forward to take on this problem. Facilities for recycling plastic garbage are being set up to process it and turn it into usable goods. Companies are also creating environmentally friendly packaging and urging customers to reduce, reuse, and recycle. These companies are actively addressing the trash problem in an effort to reduce pollution and safeguard marine life from the harmful impacts of plastic waste. The encouragement of green businesses in the Philippines has been greatly aided by government efforts and support. Policies and incentives encouraging businesses to adopt eco-friendly practices have grown in recent years. Businesses that value sustainability are given tax advantages, grants, and subsidies, making it more possible for them to invest in green practices and technologies.

Strategies must constantly evolve in the dynamic world of business and marketing to satisfy the shifting demands and preferences of customers. One such approach that has had a lot of success recently is specialized marketing. Targeting a particular market sector with a customized product or service offering is known as niche marketing. Mass marketing, which targets a broad audience without customization, stands in stark contrast to this strategy. Niche marketing has become a potent and successful tool for firms to engage with their audiences more deeply as consumer behavior gets more varied and discriminating.

There are a number of reasons why niche marketing has become more popular. First, the internet and technological advancements have made it easier to collect information about consumer preferences and activities. Businesses can locate and comprehend more specific niche markets by using this data-driven strategy. With this knowledge, businesses may design goods and services that specifically address the special requirements and preferences of these target markets. Additionally, the growth of social media has been extremely important to the success of specialized marketing. Social media platforms provide a perfect setting for businesses to interact directly with their target customers. Social media helps businesses communicate with these enthusiasts, comprehend their demands, and improve their offerings in real-time. Niche products or services frequently have passionate and devoted supporters. Also, social media influencers from particular specialty communities can be helpful promoters for a business, increasing its exposure and legitimacy.

Niche marketing enables companies to set themselves apart from rivals. Developing a niche in a saturated market where companies frequently offer comparable goods or services can be a successful tactic. A corporation can establish itself as an authority and the go-to source for customers looking for specialized solutions by being an expert in a particular field. Increased brand recognition, word-of-mouth recommendations, and ultimately a bigger market share can result from this distinction.

Notwithstanding its many benefits, niche marketing has its share of difficulties. The small size of specialized markets is one of the main issues. Comparing products for the mainstream market with those that are targeted at a smaller market may result in lower sales numbers. As a result, companies must carefully balance their resources to maintain profitability and continue providing value to their target market.

The ability of niche marketing to effectively use digital platforms, satisfy the needs of specialized customers, and utilize data has led to its emergence as a significant trend in marketing strategy. By concentrating on niche consumer niches with specialized products and services, businesses can forge tighter ties with customers, differentiate themselves from competitors, and profit from the long tail of demand. As the marketing landscape changes, niche marketing will definitely remain a powerful tactic for businesses seeking long-term success and growth.

Agile strategies that may maximize efficiency and concentrate on core capabilities are needed to achieve rapid growth and success in today's dynamic and competitive business environment. By assigning non-core operations to outside partners, outsourcing has become an essential tool for companies looking to expand more quickly. Companies can increase productivity, cut expenses, and streamline operations by utilizing the knowledge of specialist service providers, thereby opening the road for quick corporate growth.

Businesses can focus their resources, time, and people on core strengths and strategic projects via outsourcing. Companies can free up precious internal resources to concentrate on important areas of their organization, such as product development, marketing, and innovation, by outsourcing ancillary functions like payroll, customer assistance, IT support, and HR administration. Businesses can become more competitive, responsive, and market-demand-adaptive because to this sharper focus on key skills. Access to a pool of specialized knowledge that may not be available internally is made possible via outsourcing. Accounting, software development, and digital marketing are just a few examples of the areas where outsourcing enables businesses to benefit from the knowledge and abilities of specialists in their domains. Access to elite personnel may lead to higher-quality outputs, quicker project completion times, and more creativity, all of which may contribute to rapid corporate growth.

Cost-effectiveness is one of the most persuasive arguments for outsourcing. By outsourcing non-core tasks, firms are free to allocate their resources to growth-oriented projects instead of spending so much on infrastructure, technology, and training. Additionally, outsourcing gives flexibility because it frees businesses from long-term commitments and allows them to scale services up or down in response to changing demands. For startups and small organizations looking to grow and expand quickly, this agility is extremely important.

By utilizing the knowledge and best practices of the service provider, outsourcing can optimize procedures and expedite operations. External partners frequently have access to state-of-the-art tools, which can greatly increase efficacy and efficiency. When customer service is outsourced to a call center with cutting-edge CRM technologies, for instance, customer satisfaction can be improved, increasing client retention and word-of-mouth recommendations, which will ultimately spur business growth. Innovation, adaptability, and the fast-paced corporate climate are essential for remaining one step ahead of the competition. By enabling businesses to quickly adjust to shifting market conditions and customer needs, outsourcing promotes agility. Additionally, outsourcing partners frequently bring new viewpoints and creative ideas, encouraging creativity and fostering an organizational culture of continual growth.

Industry 5.0, which is being pushed by the fusion of cutting-edge technologies with human-centric strategies, is the most recent stage in the evolution of industries. Building on the principles of Industry 4.0, Industry 5.0 stresses teamwork between people and innovative technology in order to develop more productive and environmentally friendly corporate operations.

One of the core concepts of Industry 5.0 is the concept of human-machine synergy, in which advanced technologies like robotics, the Internet of Things (IoT)  and artificial intelligence (AI), work in harmony with human employees to enhance productivity and decision-making. Businesses now place more focus on implementing intelligent technology that enhances rather than replaces human abilities. In leveraging AI-driven insights, automating monotonous tasks, and focusing on creativity, problem-solving, and complex decision-making, employees are empowered by this win-win relationship. Through harnessing the massive volumes of data generated by Internet of Things (IoT) devices and customer interactions, businesses are leveraging personalization and customization in Industry 5.0. Companies can now gather real-time data and assess customer preferences to deliver goods and services that are precisely suited to their requirements. Higher sales for businesses are ultimately a result of this trend's promotion of greater consumer loyalty, contentment, and brand reputation.

Decentralization and distributed manufacturing have been made possible by the development of 3D printing and other additive manufacturing processes. Businesses are urged by Industry 5.0 to switch from conventional, centralized production methods to localized, adaptable manufacturing units. This trend enables organizations to more swiftly respond to market trends while reducing logistical complexity and speeding up product delivery. Decentralized manufacturing also enables businesses to cut back on carbon emissions and shipping expenses.

Data privacy and cybersecurity are becoming increasingly important as digital technologies are integrated into more aspects of society. Industry 5.0 creates new difficulties for safeguarding private information and defending vital infrastructure from online dangers. To ensure data integrity and customer trust, businesses are heavily investing in trailblazing cybersecurity measures and using strong encryption methods. For businesses to avoid negative legal and reputational repercussions, compliance with data protection legislation is a top issue.

Employee training, product design, and customer experiences are just a few of the commercial operations that AR and VR are revolutionizing. For immersive training modules, complicated scenario simulations, and virtual product demonstrations, businesses in Industry 5.0 are utilizing AR and VR technology. This encourages innovation and creativity within the employees, in addition to improving efficiency.

In summary, Industry 5.0 is bringing about a new era of technological and human collaboration while promoting innovation, sustainability, and personalized service in business processes. Companies are well-positioned to prosper in this dynamic and changing industrial landscape as long as they embrace human-machine symbiosis, adopt sustainable strategies, and emphasize cybersecurity. The future of enterprises across a variety of industries in Industry 5.0 will surely be shaped by the convergence of cutting-edge technologies and a human-centric strategy. For businesses to remain competitive and satisfy the changing needs of customers and the global market, they must adopt these trends.

In the Philippines, vending machines are a common business concept because of their accessibility and ease. These self-service machines are a practical option for customers who are on the go because they provide a variety of products, from food and beverages to personal hygiene supplies. However, just like every company venture, vending machine operations have benefits and drawbacks that entrepreneurs should take into account before entering the sector.

Vending machines are available to customers day and night because they run continuously. Time-constrained individuals, workers, and students who need an immediate resolution to their issues are drawn to its convenience. Vending machine operations are less expensive than those of traditional brick-and-mortar establishments. Due to their small staff sizes and lack of need for a sizable physical store space, they are able to decrease expenses like rent and utilities. The vending machine can start producing money once it is installed and stocked with supplies, so it doesn't need ongoing supervision. Business owners can focus on other projects while the vending machines continue to serve customers. Vending machines can dispense a wide range of goods to satisfy a wide range of consumer preferences. Entrepreneurs have the freedom to customize their products for various regions and target markets, offering everything from food and beverages to toiletries and even gadgets. Opportunities to expand the network to additional places and attract a wider customer base exist as the vending machine industry develops.

On the other hand, purchasing the machines and stocking them with merchandise involves a sizable initial investment when starting a vending machine business. The ongoing costs are further increased by routine maintenance, replenishment, and prospective repairs. There can be a lot of competition, especially in busy places where there are plenty of vending machines competing for customers' attention. Securing desirable locations can be difficult, and it might require haggling over rent or other costs with property owners. Vending machines are prone to theft, vandalism, and manipulation, especially in locations with weak security or a high crime rate. To safeguard the devices and their contents, proper security precautions must be taken, such as installing surveillance cameras and strong locks. Demand for vending machines may change depending on the time of year or the region. For instance, when foot traffic declines during monsoon season or school breaks, sales may suffer. Maintaining freshness in the case of perishable goods can be difficult. Selling things that are out-of-date or stale might harm the company's reputation and keep customers away.

The vending machine business in the Philippines offers numerous advantages, such as convenience, low operating costs, and scalability. However, it also comes with challenges like competition, maintenance costs, and security concerns. Entrepreneurs interested in this venture must carefully weigh these pros and cons, conduct thorough market research, and choose strategic locations to maximize the chances of success.

Big data analytics has become a game-changing instrument in contemporary company operations, revolutionizing how businesses run, make decisions, and spur growth. Organizations are discovering the need of leveraging big data to get insightful information, boost efficiencies, and stay one step ahead of the competition as a result of the proliferation of digital technology and the ever-increasing volume of data collected. Instead of relying on instincts or intuition, big data analytics equip businesses to make data-driven decisions. Large datasets can be analyzed to find patterns, trends, and correlations that help businesses understand consumer behavior, market trends, and operational inefficiencies. These insights can be used by corporations to help them make more successful strategic decisions.

The capacity to provide a thorough insight into client preferences and behaviors is one of the most important features of big data analytics. Businesses can construct comprehensive customer profiles by evaluating data about their clients from a variety of sources, including social media, online transactions, and client feedback. These profiles aid in modifying goods and services to match particular client requirements, raising client satisfaction levels, and encouraging loyalty.

Businesses may design customized marketing efforts that are aimed at particular customer categories because of big data analytics. Organizations can discover individual interests and present pertinent marketing, product recommendations, and offers by analyzing client data. Increased consumer engagement and conversion rates result from this level of personalization. Big data analytics can also assist firms in enhancing the customer experience by identifying problem areas and opportunities for development, ultimately resulting in higher customer retention.

Operational efficiency can be greatly increased by integrating big data analytics into business operations. Businesses can pinpoint bottlenecks, restructure processes, and optimize resource allocation by examining data from numerous sources. Cost reductions and better production are the results of this optimization. For instance, logistics organizations can improve delivery routes using real-time data to cut down on fuel expenses and delivery times. It's crucial to stay one step ahead of the competition in marketplaces that move quickly. Businesses can find new possibilities and developing industry trends with the use of big data analytics. Organizations can take preemptive action to capitalize on trends or quickly adjust to shifting market conditions by examining data from social media, market research, and industry reports.

Any organization must conduct regular risk assessments and management. Based on past data and current information, big data analytics can help detect potential hazards and forecast outcomes. This knowledge enables businesses to take preventative measures and create risk mitigation plans, protecting their operations and financial resources.

Value-adding tactics are essential for the Philippines' service sectors because they can make companies stand out in a crowded market, boost client happiness, and achieve long-term success. There are a few efficient value-adding techniques being used by the Philippines' service sectors to boost client satisfaction.

Customers' experiences can be considerably improved by offering services that are specifically designed to fit their individual wants and preferences. Create personalized services, recommendations, and communications by utilizing client data and feedback. Any service industry must deliver first-class customer service. Employees should be instructed to be approachable, informed, and receptive to questions and concerns from customers. Create procedures for handling complaints quickly and effectively.

Utilize technological advancements to increase productivity, simplify processes, and enhance the client experience overall. This may involve computerizing repetitive tasks and using chatbots, web portals, and mobile apps to interact with clients. Offer service guarantees to gain the trust and faith of your customers. These guarantees may consist of prompt delivery, warranties of satisfaction, or money-back assurances in the case that service requirements are not met.  To reward loyal consumers and promote client retention, implement loyalty programs. Discounts, exclusive access to brand-new services, and other unique benefits could be part of these programs. Staff should receive training on how to spot possibilities to upsell or cross-sell customers on further services that will enhance their existing purchase. This strategy could raise the average transaction value and improve client satisfaction. Employees who are happy and engaged are more likely to provide superior customer service. To inspire and keep great people, make investments in training, career development, and fostering a pleasant workplace culture.

Today's consumers value and support companies that place a high priority on sustainability. Employ environmentally friendly procedures and let clients know about them to show that your business cares about the environment. Review internal procedures and consumer input frequently to find areas that could be improved. Implement modifications based on these findings to continuously improve service quality.

Partner with other companies or organizations to increase the variety of services provided or gain access to new clientele. Strategic alliances can result in situations where everyone involved benefits. Create a strong online presence with an intuitive website, social media platforms that are active, and online advertising. Effective digital marketing techniques can boost brand recognition and draw in more consumers. Uphold high standards in the provision of services through strict quality control procedures. To achieve consistency in service excellence, conduct regular performance evaluations and training sessions.

These value-adding methods can help the service sectors in the Philippines stand out from the competition, create lasting relationships with clients, and prosper in a fast-paced corporate environment.

In contemporary cultures, public management and public administration are two crucial pillars of governance. They both contribute significantly to the efficient provision of public services and the smooth operation of governmental institutions. Although these names are frequently used interchangeably, they have different qualities and purposes. In order to better understand their respective responsibilities, functions, and methods for managing public affairs, this comparative study intends to investigate the fundamental distinctions and parallels between public management and public administration. By managing public resources and organizations, public administration refers to the process of carrying out governmental policies and decisions. In order to accomplish specified public goals, it entails tasks including planning, organizing, staffing, directing, and supervising government entities. On the other hand, public management is a broader idea that incorporates public administration as well as the components of governance that involve strategic planning and decision-making. The efficient and effective management of public resources is the core goal of public administration in order to deliver public services, uphold the rule of law, and advance citizen welfare. Public administrators are in charge of making sure that laws are followed and that government offices run efficiently. Public management, in contrast, concentrates on the broader governance and policymaking process. It entails establishing long-term goals, evaluating policy alternatives, and making choices that will influence the course of public administration. Developing policies to solve social issues and directing the administration in their efficient implementation are frequent responsibilities for public managers. Implementing choices made by public managers and policymakers is more important to public administration. In putting rules into practice, administrators are essential in making sure that resources are distributed properly and that services are provided effectively. On the other hand, public management entails decision-making at higher levels, when managers and policymakers study issues, consider potential solutions, and make decisions that have broad repercussions. Their choices affect the direction of how public services are delivered and set the tone for administrative actions. Public administration frequently functions in shorter time frames and is more concerned with ongoing tasks and short-term objectives. Administrators manage day-to-day difficulties, financial limitations, and resource distribution, guaranteeing fast and efficient service delivery. Public management, in contrast, operates over a longer period of time and focuses on long-term societal objectives. Future trends, prospective difficulties, and strategic planning are all factors that managers and policymakers must consider in order to maintain sustainable development and efficient governance over time. Strong managerial and organizational abilities are needed in public administration. Effective management of budgets, team coordination, and day-to-day operations are skills that administrators must possess. They should also be capable of addressing problems to deal with urgent issues that develop within their departments. A greater range of skills is required for public management. A detailed awareness of intricate policy issues is a must for managers and policymakers. To analyze policy options and make judgments that are in the public's long-term interests, they must have analytical and critical thinking skills.

Good management is a matter of time. Since we have a social institution, like the family, the so-called management is included and associated. Good management, or what we call public administration, is not just the work of people in the office or those who lead and manage a group organization, government, etc. The governed and the rulers need to work together to have a good government. A balanced government with the cooperation of the governed and the governed is a good government, and this is where the role of citizens comes in to ensure good governance. What is the role that the people should play in order for those in government to manage properly? We can say that there are factors that we should consider as citizens. One of the roles of the people in having good governance is to vote, participate in the election, and choose the right person who has a good testimony, a good example, an open life to the public, and is impartial and fair in his dealings with people. A person who is godly, patriotic, environmentally friendly, and humane is what we should choose. Political participation in order to have good government management is one way to have good management. We must cooperate in choosing who we will install in government with good management. The possible changes in society are in the hands of the people, which is why they should be careful when voting and choosing a candidate. When the management in a country is not good and it is not successful, there is no one to blame but ourselves because we also choose those who lead us. We must remember that we are in a democratic country, which is why we have the right to choose the right leader. Another is being an active citizen by participating in meaningful activities such as governance discourses to address social challenges. In order for the government to be successful, the participation of citizens in social activities is necessary. Let's add to this that the government and the people should jointly develop solutions to the problems facing society. The people should not only hope for solutions to the problems they face, but everyone should participate in order to be successful in solving the problems because the people themselves encounter these problems and can suggest them to those in charge, and they can also nominate a solution to solve them. And what will not disappear is participation in civil society. It is related to the participation of a citizen in forming an organization to directly communicate with the government and convey to them the needs of the citizens. One of the examples of civil society are NGOs or non-government organizations, and people's organizations. If these roles and these facts can be taught, especially to young people who are not fortunate enough to reach high education, they will be able to share and do this role in society for equal and fair management.

In providing critical services and preserving social order, public administration is crucial. To maintain the effective operation of public administrations, several obstacles and complications develop in a constantly changing world, necessitating ongoing innovation and good governance. The difficulties that public administration faces, the solutions that may be found to these problems, and the value of good governance in bringing about constructive change. Bureaucratic inefficiency: The public sector's tendency toward bureaucracy frequently causes resource allocation procedures to move slowly. This can prevent progress and responsiveness by causing delays in the implementation of essential policies and programs. Integration of Technology, Many public administrations find it difficult to keep up with the quick-moving technology innovations, which can make it more difficult for them to provide services effectively and efficiently.

 Lack of acceptance and integration of contemporary technologies might restrict public engagement, data management, and communication. Budget Restraints: Public administrations frequently experience financial constraints, which make it challenging to meet rising demands for services, infrastructure, and development. Meeting public needs while maintaining fiscal responsibility is a never-ending task. The public's trust in public institutions must be maintained by ensuring transparency and accountability within such institutions. However, bureaucratic inefficiency and a lack of transparent oversight procedures can open the door to corruption and unethical behavior. E-Governance efforts can help to expedite administrative processes, promote citizen-government relations, and improve service delivery. Online public service portals, digital record-keeping, and e-participation platforms improve accessibility and efficiency. Data Analytics and AI: Using data analytics and artificial intelligence can lead to data-driven decision-making and predictive analysis, allowing public administrations to more effectively allocate resources and anticipate possible concerns before they worsen. Collaborative Governance entails collaborating with the commercial sector, civil society organizations, and individuals to handle public concerns jointly. This approach promotes inclusivity, creative solutions, and shared responsibility for society’s advancement. Implementing performance management systems can assist in monitoring and evaluating the efficacy of public initiatives, ensuring that resources are used properly and goals are reached efficiently. Effective governance begins with visionary leadership that establishes clear goals and develops an environment of creativity, transparency, and accountability. Leaders must be adaptable to change, open to new ideas, and capable of motivating their staff to strive for excellence. Engaging stakeholders, such as residents, civil society organizations, and private businesses, enables public administrations to discover actual problems, gather varied opinions, and develop collaborative solutions. Decentralization, or the decentralization of decision-making and power, can improve efficiency and responsiveness in government. Giving local governments and organizations the authority to address regional issues results in more tailored and context-specific solutions. Investing in continual training and capacity building for public officials improves their abilities, knowledge, and adaptability, allowing them to effectively handle complicated situations.

Establishing rigorous transparency and accountability systems, such as frequent audits. The multidimensional task of improving public administration calls for creative problem-solving and efficient governance. Public administrations can improve their responsiveness, efficiency, and focus on the needs of their constituents by embracing technology innovations, encouraging collaboration, and cultivating a culture of accountability.

Effective management of businesses and governments depends on unity. Together, various individuals and groups can achieve common objectives, promote cooperation, and boost overall productivity. In this essay, we'll examine how developing unity within organizations and governments is crucial for creating a more stable and affluent society. A collaborative and inclusive approach to leadership, policy development, and decision-making is referred to as "harmony in governance." It entails valuing diversity and fostering an atmosphere where everyone's opinions are acknowledged. This inclusive strategy promotes transparency, trust, and a common vision, which improves organizational management and national governance. Realizing unity is crucial for the best performance and long-term success in a business environment. Harmony in governance is prioritized by leaders who foster an inclusive workplace culture where staff members feel empowered and appreciated. Such a setting fosters invention, creativity, and problem-solving. Employees are more dedicated to their work and work more effectively with their co-workers when they experience a sense of belonging and alignment with the company’s goals. Harmony in governance also contributes to closing the gap between management and employees. Employees can feel heard and understood because to open communication lines, frequent feedback sessions, and participatory decision-making. Increased productivity, lower staff turnover, and improved job satisfaction are the results, all of which help the business succeed. Enhanced Social Cohesiveness When the general populace sees its leaders collaborating effectively, it develops a sense of trust and unity among the populace as a whole, enhancing social cohesiveness. Economic growth is fuelled by stable economic conditions that draw investments, support entrepreneurship, and are produced by a united government. Resilience: A resilient society that can meet difficulties head-on is ensured by government and organization unity, which improves crisis management and disaster response. A rich and stable society depends on achieving harmony in governance, which unites the management of businesses and governments. Leaders can maximize the potential of their workers and communities by building an inclusive atmosphere that respects diversity and promotes collaboration. The advantages of unity are extensive, ranging from improved productivity and economic expansion to stronger social cohesiveness and resilience. As time goes on, companies and governments alike should continue to place high importance on adopting harmony in governance because it lays the way for a future that is more cohesive and bright. A key idea in developing successful and efficient systems is achieving unity in the governance of organizations and governments. When policies, procedures, and objectives are in harmony, stakeholders are encouraged to work together, collaborate, and be inclusive. It involves fostering open communication, establishing trust, and respecting various viewpoints. Leaders may overcome ideological differences, give priority to shared goals, and work toward shared prosperity by embracing harmony. It highlights the significance of servant leadership, whereby leaders put the interests of their constituents before their own. Fostering a cooperative governance approach encourages peaceful conflict resolution and encourages open communication, which opens the door for creative responses to social problems.

Managing private firms is a complicated management task that necessitates a fine balance of numerous factors in order to achieve success and sustainability. Effective management is critical for attaining objectives, optimizing resources, and maintaining a healthy work environment, whether the firm is a small start-up or a major multinational. Leadership is one of the most difficult aspects of managing private enterprises. An effective leader must not only be technically proficient but also have excellent interpersonal skills, the ability to inspire and motivate personnel, and the vision to guide the firm toward its objectives. Leaders must set a good example and create trust and respect among team members. Regular communication with employees, encouraging criticism, and being open to new ideas are all necessary for fostering a collaborative and productive workplace culture. Effective resource management is another key concern. Private firms frequently encounter resource constraints such as budget limits, time constraints, and manpower shortages. To maximize efficiency, managers must prioritize projects, allocate resources efficiently, and optimize processes. Adopting new technologies and optimizing operations can aid in resource management. It is also critical to maintain employee happiness and engagement. A motivated workforce is more likely to be productive, innovative, and dedicated to the mission of the firm. Offering competitive pay, opportunities for advancement, and acknowledging employees' achievements are critical in maintaining a happy work environment. Employee happiness can be increased by conducting regular employee feedback surveys and implementing adjustments based on feedback. Private firms must likewise negotiate in a market that is undergoing rapid change. Business operations can be quickly impacted by market trends, technological improvements, and consumer preferences. A manager needs to remain flexible and open to change. Finding possible risks and opportunities can be aided by routinely doing market analyses and competition evaluations. This enables managers to stay one step ahead of the competition by adjusting strategy as necessary. Additionally, private organizations face a lot of difficulty in preserving their financial stability. The organization's long-term viability depends on effective financial planning, budgeting, and monitoring. Managers are required to make wise financial decisions, minimize unnecessary risks, and guarantee adherence to financial regulations. Private firms encounter external obstacles like governmental laws, economic fluctuations, and geopolitical concerns in addition to internal difficulties. To reduce the impact of these external factors on the operations of the business, managers need to be aware of them and create backup plans. Private organization administration is a difficult and dynamic job that demands capable leadership, efficient resource management, satisfied employees, flexibility, and financial stability. Long-term success depends on embracing innovation, fostering a healthy work atmosphere, and keeping up with external trends. Managers can successfully handle the hurdles of managing a private firm by approaching these issues with strategic planning and a proactive attitude.  Managers may meet these obstacles and guide private firms toward long-term success by embracing innovation, prioritizing customer happiness, managing external demands, and aligning the organization's goals with the owner's vision.

Graduates in public administration are essential to the operation and efficiency of government posts. They make a substantial contribution to the development of policies, resource management, and the promotion of transparent and effective government with their specialized knowledge, talents, and dedication to public service.  Graduates of public administration programs have a thorough awareness of the procedures involved in creating and implementing public policies. They obtain an understanding of the complexity of public affairs, spanning from economic management to social welfare programs, through their rigorous academic study. They can study issues, create evidence-based policies, and reach well-informed judgments to meet the various requirements of the public thanks to their experience. Resource management effectiveness is a key component of good governance. Graduates in public administration have a strong understanding of resource allocation, financial analysis, and budgeting, which enables them to use public funds responsibly. They can minimize needless spending and guarantee that government projects have a positive impact on society by allocating resources as efficiently as possible. This skill helps the government maintain its overall financial stability and increases public confidence in its leadership. To translate policy into practical and effective results, it is essential to thoroughly comprehend implementation methodologies. Public administration graduates are skilled at developing and implementing successful programs. In addition, they can assess the effectiveness and performance of these programs using data-driven evaluation methods. This focus on outcomes and accountability ensures that government initiatives achieve their objectives and materially better the lives of residents. Public administration graduates receive significant training on moral conduct and the values of public service. They are aware of the importance of being truthful, forthcoming, and just in their decision-making. They foster public trust in the government's actions and social cohesiveness by adhering to these ideals. Working together across departments and agencies is frequently necessary for government roles in order to address complex problems. Graduates in public administration are excellent collaborators and have the capacity to cooperate with a variety of stakeholders. Their interdisciplinary approach enables them to create connections between many industries and promote synergies to successfully accomplish shared objectives. Unexpected challenges may arise as a result of public administration's dynamic environment. Public administration graduates receive training to become adaptable problem solvers with the capacity for critical analysis and prompt response to urgent situations. They must be able to remain composed under pressure and come up with innovative solutions if they are to practice effective governance and crisis management. The foundation of the government is made up of graduates from public administration programs who provide the abilities, leadership, and moral values required for efficient and responsible governing. They have a deep understanding of governance, policy creation, and resource management, which enables them to tackle complex issues and work with numerous parties.  As the demands on governmental institutions continue to rise, graduates in public administration will continue to play a significant role in shaping how citizens throughout the world will live in the future.

To make the world more fair and sustainable, social responsibility and good governance must be encouraged. While good governance promotes efficient decision-making, transparency, accountability, and inclusion, social responsibility cultivates empathy, compassion, and a commitment to the welfare of all members of society. These concepts come together to create a community that will be long-lasting, just, and peaceful. A community needs efficient governance in order to run smoothly. It requires creating and implementing laws that benefit everyone, not just a select few. Transparent governance ensures that the general public is aware of the decisions made by the government and holds those in authority accountable for their actions. Furthermore, inclusivity ensures that everyone in society, regardless of class, race, or economic standing, has a say in how decisions are made. By establishing strong governance, which fosters an environment where resources are distributed efficiently and fairly, corruption can be eliminated. Public trust, which is essential for society's stability and growth, is fostered by institutions that are transparent and responsive to the general public. All individuals, organizations, and governments have a moral obligation to contribute to society in a positive way. It goes beyond simply adhering by laws and regulations; it necessitates actively participating in initiatives that address social problems and empower marginalized populations. There are more empathetic, understanding, and helpful people in a culture that emphasizes social responsibility. Businesses must play a big part in social responsibility as well. Adopting ethical and sustainable business practices is advantageous for the environment as well as for the well-being of employees and the communities in which they operate. Businesses can spur good change by incorporating social responsibility into their fundamental beliefs. Sustainability is essential if we want the world to still be able to provide for future generations. To do this, it is necessary to promote renewable energy, manage resources sensibly, and reduce waste and pollution. Sustainable practices preserve natural resources, lessen the consequences of climate change, and shield vulnerable populations from environmental disasters. Building a sustainable society is heavily reliant on education and public awareness. When people are educated on the importance of sustainable behaviors, they are more likely to make decisions that are beneficial to both the environment and themselves. A just society is one in which fundamental human rights are upheld and everyone has equal access to opportunities. The systematic inequalities and discrimination that still exist in many communities must be addressed in order to achieve this. Governments are required to enact and uphold laws that safeguard the rights of all citizens, irrespective of their gender, ethnicity, religion, or social standing. The destruction of preconceptions and the promotion of inclusivity depend heavily on education and knowledge. A just society where everyone is treated with respect and dignity can be promoted by recognizing variety and promoting empathy. Building a sustainable and just society requires encouraging social responsibility and effective governance. It involves promoting empathy, compassion, and dedication to the welfare of people.

Political science and public administration are two distinct but linked fields that are crucial to creating and governing societies. Despite sharing similar goals, strategies, and problems, they differ fundamentally in their scope and focus. Public policy and governance creation and implementation must be seen in light of their interconnectedness. Political science is a discipline that studies politics, political systems, and how individuals and groups respond to various forms of power, authority, and governmental control. By analysing the institutions, beliefs, and practices that influence political decision-making and the formulation of public policy, it studies political theory and practice. Political scientists also study electoral systems, public opinion, comparative politics, international relations, and political behavior. Understanding the underlying concepts and frameworks that regulate political and governmental actions is their aim. On the other side, public administration deals with the operational facets of government and the execution of public policies. It is the industry in charge of managing and carrying out government initiatives, projects, and services. Public administrators ensure the timely and successful provision of services to the general public in a variety of public and non-profit organizations. They concentrate on topics including organizational behavior, public personnel management, public budgeting, and public policy analysis. The goal of public administration is to establish an organizational framework that converts political decisions into concrete activities that benefit the general population. Despite having diverse focuses, political science, and public administration are closely intertwined. They are linked to one another in the following ways: The theoretical framework for understanding the creation and execution of public policies is provided by political science. While researching the political factors that influence policy choices, public administration converts those concepts into useful programs and actions. The efficacy of programs is frequently dependent on cooperation between political scientists who propose them and public administrators who implement them. Political scientists study decision-making at many different scales, from the neighborhood to the global. Using the research, public administrators can better comprehend how decisions are made and put them into effect. As long as they have a solid understanding of the political landscape, public managers are able to anticipate potential roadblocks and develop implementation strategies. Understanding public policies can benefit from both political science and public management. Public managers assess how well policies are implemented, whereas political scientists investigate how policies impact society. Through a concerted effort, policies are ensured to be well-designed and successfully implemented in order to provide the desired results. While public administration analyzes the governing principles of public management, political science examines the duties of political leaders. Integrating these points of view helps create ethical public leaders who can handle the problems of government. Governance Issues and Public Accountability Political scientists frequently look at governance, transparency, and accountability-related topics. The findings of this study provide public administrators with information on the value of upholding public confidence and the procedures for ensuring accountability in the provision of public services.