As the common saying states, nothing in this world is perfect. Hence, mistakes are part of every concept in this world. However, mistakes are for lessons and not repeated actions. Reduction of errors does not mean perfectionism but more being solid and concrete than the previous version. Making students first implies putting them first by investing in the necessary tools and resources, rather than focusing solely on profit or paying lip service to parents, investors, or school owners.

Parental involvement is the secret weapon of educational management. It is widely available but hard to be attainable. The majority of the time, parents desire what's best for their children. The goal is to achieve a balance through dialogue, as what school administrators or teachers believe is often different from what parents themselves know or think is necessary.

Some schools focus on lack of students’ part but did not notice the necessities of the teachers. Teachers must be well-sustained and empowered. Teachers must be provided with the necessary tools and resources to succeed. A big mistake in educational management is setting aside the programs for teachers. Conducts and sponsors training and seminars for teacher empowerment. Teachers' mindsets and performance have an impact on academic success.

Schools are having trouble dealing with delayed children and dealing with indiscipline and behavior issues. With a disciplinary tracking and behavior management system, you can improve the classroom atmosphere. Missing the chance to zoom in on the insufficiency in classroom bases is one of the errors in educational management. All classrooms deserve a maintenance glow-up that will improve the quality of learning.

Institutions are unable to manage information, resulting in interminable decision-making delays. For educators, dashboard reports and sophisticated analytics are important indications. Using data analytics can assist identify students at-risk and deploy resources to increase accomplishment and success. Seamlessly interact and engage with students, parents, and alumni to enhance the relationship. The common mistake in revenue allocation is giving all to the present plans without forecasting future and fortuitous events that will greatly affect the school.

Educational leaders must ensure that instead of complaining, gossiping, or blaming others, they are focused on their goals.  Scheduling moments in your day and weekly calendar to focus on your Strategic Plan goals can help you achieve them. Unless it is a true emergency, never cancel these times. Don't make the mistake of holding frequent meetings just to have regular meetings.

Always remember that “Perfection is the polished collection of errors”.

What is the purpose of a president in a country? Why does a company require an owner? What is the purpose of a child's parents? What is the need for an administrator at a school? Are you one of the persons who ask themselves these kinds of questions? If yes, this post was written specifically for you.

In schools, educational administrators are employed to perform a great responsibility. Consider a private bus without a driver. Or a bus on a trip with a driver who has no idea what he's doing? Obviously, tragedy is the only destination of this kind of scenario.

Teaching and learning go as easily as possible when robust systems, policies, and procedures are in place. Assessment results, pastoral data, and lesson observations are all used to inform individualized teaching tactics. Administrators ensure that data is entered on time and given to teachers in a user-friendly format.

Data analysis aids in the development of school leadership vision and strategy. The school leadership team's vision and decision-making are supported by good data. Cloud-based technology allows data entry and analysis from anywhere. Student attendance and accountability are made simple with technological innovations.

Principals value parents just as much as they value learners. Principals must ensure that their methods, protocols, and record-keeping are well-documented. Parents may rest assured that their child's academic and personal growth, as well as their general safety and well-being, are being looked after with detailed school records.

Handling this enormous responsibility and providing this ton of benefits to the beneficiaries of educational institutions, school leaders dedicate their time, effort, and life to study their field. A Master's in Education Administration degree can put future school leaders in the 'high income' bracket for the rest of their life. As an educator, they are in charge of bringing about the change they want in the current system. They will have the knowledge and tools they need to assist students to reach their goals with a Master's in Education Administration degree. School leaders are expected to encourage them not to give up on themselves and assist them in achieving their full potential. They will be able to use their knowledge to make these students' experiences more enjoyable and to guide them toward a successful future.

Before enrolling in a degree program, it's critical to consider job ambitions. Master's degrees, which are necessary for practically all recognized administrative positions, are a significant undertaking. Some colleges offer wholly online education administration degree programs, while others provide mixed programs. Entering the master’s degree in Education elevates not just the knowledge but also the traits of the future school leaders.

In the Philippine setting, the educational management of the Department of Education has been rendered successful and good for most parts. However, nothing is perfect. Issues will continue to rise, and actions will continue to be implemented. Issues are not always bad, because sometimes they are essential in improving the system for the betterment of the students and the administration.

Going back to history, when it comes to educational influence, the Philippines' educational system has been profoundly influenced by the country's colonial past, which includes the Spanish, American, and Japanese periods of control and occupation. As a result, the origin of our education is almost unknown. Fortunately, as time goes by the Philippines, like the United States of America, has a comprehensive and extremely accessible educational system that includes elements such as higher education.

However, while the Philippine educational system has long served as an example for other Southeast Asian countries, this has changed in recent years wherein a lot of things are rapidly changing, and the system has deteriorated - a fact that is most visible and true in the country's more isolated poverty-stricken regions.

As a result, issues are popping out one by one and the most talked issue about these days is the online educational setup brought by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Education concerns in the Philippines have intensified because of COVID-19, which has added new hurdles to the country's current situation. Distance learning modalities via the internet or TV broadcasts were ordered in response to the unexpected occurrences brought on by the health crisis. As a result, the new learning pathways rely on students and teachers having internet connections.

It is known that not everyone can afford to have gadgets and internet connections, and while the educational management managed to think of a flexible solution for everyone, the budget for education is not sufficient to support every struggling student. Although it has been mandated by the Philippine Constitution for the government to allocate the highest proportion of its government to education, the Philippines remains to have one of the lowest budget allocations to education among ASEAN countries.  Moreover, aside from the budget, the management also experiences a shortage of staff and facilities, leading to overworked teachers and other workers.

There may be issues surrounding the management, but it does not change the fact that the goodness they bring will be overshadowed. With the country’s efforts to address the growing concerns and issues, we believe and put trust in the administration and shed a bright light to dreamers also known as the students who seek a colorful and meaningful future.

The outbreak of COVID-19 caused global lockdown in many educational institutions including most in our country. Government decided to close schools temporarily in an attempt to reduce the spread of the said virus. The dilemma of being scared to mingle with other people and the need to learn and educate young children become a worldwide struggle. The lockdown of schools have negative effects on the learners, affecting not only their mental health and social life but most of all, the learning opportunities that they need.

         As such, many educators made efforts to provide instructions in time of crisis, they tailored and sustained support to help the schools meet the vast challenges bought about by the sudden abrupt of face-to-face classes. One of this is the sudden shift to modular, online, and blended learning approaches that most schools adopted. The role of teachers suddenly evolves than when learning took place only in person; thus, making them more adaptable and resourceful on how to make human connections and interactions to facilitate learning.

         Pitogo Central School II, being one of the leading schools in terms of academic performance in the District of Pitogo, Division of Quezon Province, adopted the Modular Distance Learning (MDL) approach. This allows learners to use Self-Learning Modules (SLMs) in print which are based from the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) provided by the Department of Education. Learners can also use other resources such as textbooks, activity sheets, and other study materials as their additional references.

         As one of the school's teaching staff, handling learners in the lower section, I experienced several challenges in the adaptation of MDL. Considering the said approach is new to us, we had the difficulties in the beginning and we are hesitant on how we can teach children despite the absence of face-to-face teacher and learner interaction. As deemed necessary, the Department of Education, provided teachers with trainings and skills development to effectively perform their jobs in the New Normal. These help a lot in our day-to-day activities in school while we are preparing, crafting additional exercises, checking and monitoring learners progress during the course of the MDL. From preparation, distribution and retrieval of modules, from checking and giving back feedbacks to learners and even parents conferences - teachers make extra effort to divide their time and become flexible to meet all the said tasks.

         On the other hand, several challenges on the part of the learners were also encountered. These includes self-studying, poor internet connections (although some learners do not have gadgets to use), difficulty in comprehending instructions on the module and managing their behavior. Undeniably, the role of the parents in the MDL plays a great part as they temporarily replaced the teacher in facilitating and guiding their children through modular lessons. They are basically the first ones who motivate the children to have focus and learn.

         Unfortunately, not all parents have enough knowledge to guide and teach their children especially those who belong to marginalized sector of the society. Some learners have illiterate parents with only limited understanding to share with their children. Most of the time they are facing emotional stress as they find it hard guiding their children and make them engage in the lessons as much as they want to.

         With these, I decided to come up with a simple application project entitled TANETH (Teaching-Learning Enrichment in (Reading) New Normal Education Thru Home Visitation). This project focuses on the assessment and enrichment of the learners' ability in comprehending and answering their SLMs. The main goal of this is to address the difficulty that the learners encounter in modular distance learning platform. I asked help from para-teachers in the community who can assist and guide the learners during home visitation.

We also use several learning hubs in those areas we visited aside from barangay halls and learners homes. We had conferences with the parents/guardians so that we can encourage them to always keep in touch with the teachers and monitor the progress of their children.

         Through home visits, we are able to observe the learners' home environment, family structures and relationships which have great impact on their learning. This way, parents realize the importance of share responsibility on their children's education and strengthen home-school partnership. Through these, teachers are able to bridge the gap between home and school for learners, thus help them learn and embrace new opportunities in the New Normal and ensure that learning can never be hindered by any test of time

         Undeniably, everyone should work hand in hand to realize the main goal of the Department of Education’s continuity of learning amidst Covid-19 pandemic as a major response to the unfailing commitment to educate children whatever changes we are confronting these days.

      As Wayne Reed once said "My hope is that our New Normal Today exposes what was wrong with our Old Normal Yesterday and set up Better Normal Tomorrow".

Edukasyong Pantahan at Pangkabuhayan is a skill-based subject usually taught in elementary schools. Students learn the fundamentals of responsibility and develop expertise that they can apply both inside and outside of the comfort of their own homes through this subject.Cooking, cleaning the house, the proper process of sewing, planting, and other housekeeping chores are being taught in this subject. Moreover, it teaches entrepreneurship to the students at an early age.

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought different negative impacts on society. As its duration becomes longer, those major effects have already branched out into more minor undesirable outcomes. For instance, COVID-19 made several businesses totally shut down due to limited customers and lockdown imposed in the introductory phase of the pandemic. This major impact includes the loss of many Filipino jobs, the daily struggle of employees to feed their families, and the failure of the country's entire economy.The emergency funds of the government allocated to support the needs of its people during chaotic and emergency circumstances are inadequate to provide basic necessities for all. There are still those people that they can't reach. We cannot just depend on this source of money in order to live. Thanks to Edukasyong Pantahan and Pangkabuhayan, several sinking families have been revived.

Above the chaos caused by the pandemic, there are those resilient individuals who have managed to establish their own business identity. Indeed, when theories are applied accurately and significantly, they will bring you wealth. The EPP subject is like a flashlight, giving light to most people on what practical decisions and actions they will take in order to finally escape the darkness of the impacts of COVID 19. It makes the lives of people productive while they are in the comfort of their home. Household chores taught in the EPP course cure the isolation and other mental aspects of the people during a pandemic. It kills time in an efficient manner.

Have you heard the word "e-business"? With the skills learned in the EPP subject, some students, with the help of their families, enter the world of online business as their source of income. Most of this business is live selling, where they offer all sorts of products. For instance, a certain online owner sells preloved clothes at an affordable price with reasonable quality. They can also adapt the sewing techniques and the art of designing to make the other clothes more appealing, which would allow them to reduce unsold inventory. Additionally, the planting actions we usually do in our home to provide oxygen for our ventillation. It is also our extra refrigerator when we do not have money to buy food. Plus, it can also be sold online. Since there are individuals that are already categorized as plantitas and plantitos, this source of income is both cost-effective and profitable.

Aside from the cons of the COVID-19, it also has its pros where people learn to unleash their full potential in order to pass the huge waves of life during the COVID-19.

"Social science is the art of listening and the science of hope."

Several netizens voiced their opinions on a viral video depicting the poor sanitation of Indian street food preparation. As a result, many Indian citizens experienced several cancellations. An Indian native revealed that his country's poor hygiene is actually due to a paucity of resources. Poverty is the cause of this scarcity. According to SOS Children's Villages, a third of India's population lives on less than $1.25 a day, making it one of the world's poorest countries. Third-world countries, such as the Philippines and India, are often linked with low levels of economic development. Living in these countries is miles different from life in developed countries. In today's world, the right to access to clean drinking water and adequate nutrition is a concern.

It is a moral dilemma for those concerned netizens to choose between respecting Indian cultural beliefs and practices that are clearly harmful to their health or educate them on how to prevent health risks. The common ground between the two possibilities is that they both want to make a decision that will benefit the majority.

Both options are recommended, as long as you educate them without disregarding their traditions. Education is a subtle but effective tool for exposing social ignorance. The fundamental cause of this ailment is a lack of listening and understanding between the government and the people. Implementing social science courses and subjects is a strategy for learning more about societies and the issues that affect their advancement. The people themselves are the major suspects in societal problems. Also, the people are the primary beneficiaries of society's success. As a result, social science is vital at all seasons, especially in the event of a pandemic.

Social science is a discipline that analyzes society, as well as the behavior of its members and the potential social risks that these societies face. Pandemics are a key social worry in the new normal, as economic and health hazards have a severe influence on society. As a result, teaching social science will raise awareness of the country's social position among all citizens, not just students. The remedy to social issues and problems is awareness.

Social science is considered an art because all theories are not just for expression. It is a subject for an application. It is also specified as an art of listening where it is not deaf and ignorant of the infirmities of society. Social science is a gateway to showing the possible solutions to these societal issues. Education is one of the best remedies suggested by social science. Listening alone is not enough to put an end to this undying indisposition of many societies. An immediate and effective solution is highly recommended and is achievable through education. Hope is considered a science. There are systematic steps to be taken in order to achieve societal growth.

According to a World Bank assessment on the social and economic effects of the COVID-19 epidemic on communities, loss of income and job possibilities were the most pressing issues in disadvantaged areas in the Philippines. Communities are in danger of further poverty increases as a result of severe employment and income losses. Because of COVID-19, 70% of communities in the Philippines have reported no concerns with peace and order. The community poll revealed crucial information about how to best deliver pandemic response and recovery services.

By the second phase of the poll in April 2021, the situation had improved substantially. During the lockdown, there was an uptick in gender-based violence. Men and women were equally affected by employment and income losses. Women, on the other hand, were deemed to be more affected by 29 percent of respondents. According to the survey, vaccine safety (86 percent) and effectiveness (60 percent) are major concerns. The Philippines' vaccine rollout was hampered by vaccine apprehension.

An estimated 140 million young minds have been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. The World Bank estimates a loss of $10 trillion in earnings over time for this entire generation of students unless mitigation measures are implemented. The Philippines has been closed for more than a year, forcing students to enroll in distance learning modalities. At least 29 per cent of primary students are not being reached due to a lack of assets for remote learning. The number of years of education a child receives also directly affects their future earnings. Existing evidence shows the cost of addressing learning gaps is lower and more effective when they are tackled earlier.

The "modified enhanced community quarantine" was imposed in Metro Manila and several other places in an attempt to progressively restart the economy following a two-month shutdown during the pandemic's early stages. Physical education lessons are still prohibited in schools and universities. Students, instructors, staff, and alumni spearheaded a number of programs and actions to solicit and extend assistance and resources to ensure the safety of healthcare professionals, food producers and distributors, grocery and supermarket employees, and law enforcement officers. During the pandemic, the bayanihan spirit, or collective community mobilization, which is extremely typical of Filipino culture in times of crisis and disaster, was clearly shown by several sectors.

For the academic community, the COVID-19 epidemic has created a new universe full of obstacles, dilemmas, and opportunities. Face-to-face classes, community engagements, internships, practicum activities, and other forms of experiential learning methods can be used in restricted proportions due to restrictions on people's movement, the necessity to practice physical separation, and prohibitions on mass gatherings.

"School administration is the hub/heart of the educational process. All the plans and policies are bound to fail unless and until there is sound administration in the school. " Mr. Jaswant Singh

In accordance with the above statement by Jaswant Singh, school administration is an umbrella operation conducted by an educational organization that has several sub-processes. These are planning, organizing, directing, coordinating, controlling, evaluating, and sustainably. Each step is carefully taken in order for the school to function smoothly, accurately, and efficiently.

The initial step to take is planning. The planning stage starts with an assessment of the school community. An assessment will provide a complete picture of the status of the school and its members. Information from the assessment will serve as a guide for the school leader to conceptualize activities, programs, and events that will offer solutions to any school issues or lack thereof, as well as offer an additional edge to everyone. From that information, the General Plan of Action will be the next step to take. Each activity has its own objectives, tactics, budgeting, and time frame. All of the mentioned factors must be answered prior to their actual date. Because it involves decision-making and planning, direction is a key part of school structure and administration. The administration decides what has to be done, when, where, and how. The school's leader should be capable of giving the appropriate direction. Whatever is planned must be put into practice.

Afterwards, the allocation of the available resources and job distribution is as follows. It is situated in the organizing stage. It includes finding a venue, inviting your speakers, preparing your materials for the event, and anything that is needed in pursuance of the activities.

Next is coordinating. After the job distribution, each school member must fulfill their duty to execute the plans effectively. Also, it is the job of the school leader to monitor everyone to ensure that they are doing their individual contributions. Lack of coordination among school members will have a great negative impact on the success of the event. Communication is important.

Since we are talking about monitoring, controlling is the next step. The school administration and organizations must maintain proper control over the educational system's oversight. Every piece of work has its own set of rules and standards that must be strictly adhered to. Controlling will assist the plans in remaining focused on their original agenda and avoiding unintentional distractions.

Next is executing the plans. This is the time where actual plans will be implemented carefully and accurately. After the event, evaluation is significant. A school leader may conduct an evaluation survey among his or her colleagues in order to gather feedback and consider suggestions and recommendations for future events.

Last but not the least, is sustaining. This part is often forgotten. Academic success, once achieved, must not be ignored. Once it is in your hands, hold it tight and never let it steal it from you.

Education is all a matter of building bridges. "– Ralph Ellison

Entering a school from the perspective of first-timers might be a road to hell due to overthinking, nervousness, and fear about the entire journey. The first day of school is one of those days of silence where students are too shy to talk to one another. Indeed, time can break gaps and walls. As time passes and students become more at ease with one another, noises of laughter, rumors, and even fights and tears become more common.As a student lasts longer in school, they get to realize that studying is just like ordinary agendas in life, where they both have bright days, overloaded days, and exhausting days.

It's normal to experience stress and anxiety at school from time to time. This can be for several reasons, such as personal concerns, too many tasks to do, or even unexplainable reasons of mental health suffering. According to the American College of Psychologists, mental health issues can also cause academic difficulties. Mental health issues affect the performance of students in school. They lack motivation and concentration to achieve their objectives. They sometimes lost track of their study routine and plans. If your academic challenges consistently cause significant stress, anxiety, or mental health issues, it is critical that you seek help from a therapist, your parents, your teachers, and even your classmates and friends.

Academic difficulties can arise as a result of a student's academic performance or behavior toward teachers and peers. Academic difficulties can affect students in elementary school, middle school, high school, or college. Some students experience intense anxiety and stress when taking tests and other types of evaluations. Students who face discrimination at school because of their race, ethnicity, culture, gender identity, disability, or sexual orientation frequently struggle with their mental health.

Consult with an academic advisor if you are having difficulty meeting graduation eligibility requirements or managing concurrent courses. A student who is having difficulty with a specific subject can benefit from specialized study sessions with a tutor. Scholarships are available to high school seniors, recent high school graduates, and college students who are facing financial difficulties.

As a student facing academic challenges, especially in today's pandemic, self-care is an important factor in transforming challenges into opportunities-a chance to accept that sometimes you lack but continue your education to fill those areas that require more of your attention. Spend more time with friends, play with pets, prioritize sleep and healthy eating, and set aside time to relax on purpose. Purchase a daily planner and keep a separate calendar for assignments, exams, and family events. As you try to balance work, family, and school, don't be afraid to ask for help from family, friends, and other support groups.

Many teaching strategies are applicable to any classroom, regardless of the age of the students or the subject. Which one will work best for you and your students, as well as your schedule, is up to you. As the pandemic taught us, nothing is to be taken for granted. What worked yesterday may not work tomorrow, emphasizing the importance of cultivating a growth mindset. Let's take a look at some of the best strategies that teachers, both new and experienced, should implement in their professional practice.

It is beneficial to include a demonstration when teaching a new subject. Some students will be able to understand a new concept simply by hearing it. Others, particularly visual learners, will require it to be seen. When you use this method, you will notice a significant improvement in the test scores of visual students.

When it comes to learning, teachers are the ultimate resource for students. Instruct your students to identify these errors and correctly rewrite the passage. This method requires students to apply what they've learned in class. It also allows you to assess how well each student understands the subject.

Teaching students to lead the class in teaching necessitates preparation and a thorough understanding of the course material. You can assist students in preparing for this assignment by providing a rubric outlining the areas in which they will be graded. Some teachers allow students to grade a portion of an assignment. As a result, each student understands how to grade the "teacher."

Splitting the class into different teams to complete an assignment is an effective teaching strategy. For example, in science, you can divide the class into small groups for lab-based assignments and assign each student a specific task to complete. Make sure to pair children who require extra assistance with those who understand the material better.

You can use computers, laptops, and tablets to supplement your lesson plans with online educational activities. With a simple Google search, you can find a plethora of free resources. Consider watching educational videos or playing free math and science games. Your students will not only enjoy their online time, but they will also gain a better understanding of your classwork.

Inquiry-based learning is a technique for piqueing your students' interests. Implementing it entails allowing students to identify and investigate questions of interest to them in an educational setting. You must be available to assist your students, such as by assisting them in identifying reliable online research sources.

Learning outcomes and objectives, written from the student's point of view, communicate what the student must do to demonstrate that they met the learning expectations.

A list of advisor and advisee responsibilities is not the same as a list of learning objectives. They are more concerned with clarifying intended learning outcomes than with behaviors that will increase the likelihood of those outcomes. Creating learning objectives allows classroom instructors to gain a better understanding of what they want to achieve in their classes.

Mission statements can be very helpful in developing learning objectives for advising units. Reviewing the mission statement of the university, college, and/or department aids in directing focus on what is being taught. Academic advisors are experts in determining which learning objectives are most important to their students. Advisors will select learning objectives based on the needs of the student population. Advisors teach different skills at different times of the year.

It is critical to identify the information and skills being taught at each stage of the process. It is beneficial for an advising unit to develop objectives and reach consensus within the unit.

Learning outcomes that are well-written define where you want students to be at the end of a semester and can be used to guide students throughout the course. Consider giving the outcomes prominent placement in your syllabus and discussing them frequently with your students. Look for opportunities to refocus students on the outcomes throughout the semester, such as asking them to reflect on their progress at regular intervals.

If initial outcomes prove insufficient, instructors should feel comfortable adding, removing, or adjusting learning outcomes over the course of the course. A good learning outcome describes the knowledge or skills that the student will use and assists the learner in understanding why that knowledge and skills are useful and valuable.

Students are more engaged with their learning and the course material. Students are aware of the conditions and objectives of their assessment. The emphasis on integration and transferable skills assists students in making connections between coursework and other types of knowledge, thereby increasing student engagement.

When developing learning outcomes, the context of the learning is always emphasized, and courses focus on the knowledge and skills that will be most valuable to a student now and in the future.

An instructor must think about the specific course or unit in the context of future coursework and the curriculum as a whole. This helps to develop a coherent curriculum while preserving instructor autonomy. Learning outcomes provide structures for evaluating courses and programs, as well as assisting in program and curricular design, identifying gaps or overlap in offerings, and clarifying instructional, programmatic, and institutional priorities.

A person who can read and write has numerous advantages. They can be a leader, and professionals, and sometimes gain more trust from others. In the Philippines, the literacy rate among adults is at 98. 2 % as of 2015. Excellent in these ratings. However, it drops down to 96.3 % after 4 years. The continuous downward movement in the literacy rate in the country will not result in a positive outcome and calls for immediate action. The action focuses on strengthening programs to increase literacy levels among adults even children.

Literacy of individuals is trained in two ways such as reading and writing. Reading and writing skills are something that can be learned independently or even in four-corner classroom instruction. Stewart (2022) states that Literacy theory promotes a passion for reading. 

Have you experienced, reading letters from other countries? If you do not know their letters, you can't learn. Hence, reading can be either, understanding the content, the recognizing letters, sounds, and even local words. Worse than this scenario is the incapability to read anything. Imagine how hard life is in this context.

Learning through reading includes a series of processes. There are different reading theories and models explaining the decoding process through reading. These include Schema Theory, Psycholinguistic Theory, and Piaget's Theory.

Learning can be acquired with the use of interpersonal skills. This is supported by the Schema reading model. A reader interacts with a certain text in a book by using their prior knowledge or schema to interpret the hidden message. It has two sub-frameworks as Bottom-up and Top-Down theories. Learning through reading in this framework undergoes three stages which are the literal level, inferential level, and critical level. The initial stage is the understanding of the denotative definition of every word and message. Further to that, a reader starts to draw inferences or assumptions. The highest comprehension level is the application of the information acquired through reading.

Psycholinguistic Theory describes how a reader creates factual and practical data on the text he read. Cueing systems are utilized wot determine words, letters, and sounds. Phonological, semantic, and syntactic are examples of these cues. Similarly, the schema is needed for the reader to conclude.

The mentioned theories are just a basis for developing an improvement plan for teaching reading to students. Students have their coping mechanisms for reading. Hence, the combination of all these approaches will be a great help. A reading teacher must be dynamic and flexible to balance all these approaches because a reading model effective for Juan might not be suitable for Pedro. If this happens, a stop to educating them must not be taken. Instead, try other methods that will empower and motivate each student to enhance their reading competencies.