Henry Adams once wrote “A teacher affects eternity; he can never tell where his influence stops.” We are all aware how important the role of an educator is, not just for their students, but also to society. This fact was emphasized, especially during the pandemic. Back in 2020, the Coronavirus spread like wildfire around the globe. Millions of establishments such as schools and businesses worldwide were shut down due to health protocols. Government officials in the Philippines valued education, as such, after shutting schools down for almost a year, they began to implement modular distance learning and online classes.

Online classes, a teaching method wherein both the educators and the students meet in an online setting. At first, everyone believed that this was an effective strategy. However, as shown in the joint study conducted by the University of San Carlos and Thames International School showed that the average scores of all students for science and mathematics were bellow 60 percent, which is the passing percentage set by the Department of Education (Marcelo, 2023). The pandemic has worsened illiteracy within the country, nine out of ten children aged 10 struggles to read and write simple text (Chi, 2023).

In a study conducted by the Department of Education Region III in 2022, a high proportion of learners did not achieve the proficiency level in grade 6 with 84.37%, grade 10 with 66.55% ad grade 12 with 88.27%. These data showed a very low-level quality of learning of students despite the modular and online learning. It proved to be insufficient, especially for slow learners or young children. When young learners study at home, they cannot be supervised by their parents 24/7 as their parents also have chores and duties to attend to. And we must admit, at some point during the modular learning period, it was the parents who answered their children’s modules instead of just guiding and teaching them. This method does not give opportunity for the child to learn anything but rather just rely on their parents.

A teacher is different. Educators are there to guide and teach students until they can answer and do things on their own. Teachers expand a child’s knowledge with patience and care. They continue to hone a child’s ability without asking for something in return. The fact that teachers are indispensable is undeniable. In spite of the advances in technology that now let you access information online right away, still without a teacher's guidance, learning quality will remain shallow.

The future generation's minds are shaped through education, which is the cornerstone of a country's progress. The pursuit of high-quality education has always been a top goal in the Philippines. But there are a number of issues with the nation's educational system that make it less successful at educating learners for the demands of contemporary life. With the adoption of the Universal Access to Quality Tertiary Education Act in 2017, the Philippines has significantly improved access to education. This law made higher education at public universities and colleges free, which helped learners' and their families' financial situations. The government has also put in place a number of initiatives to raise educational standards, including funding schools with resources, hiring qualified teachers, and strengthening curricula.

The Philippine school system still has many problems, despite the efforts made. The inadequate facilities and resources in many public schools are a key cause for worry. There are frequently too many people in the classroom and not enough textbooks or technology. Due to these restrictions on effective teaching and learning, the children's overall growth is hampered. The caliber of training is a big additional problem. Although there are many committed and skilled educators in the nation, there are no standardized systems in place to guarantee uniform quality of instruction across every school. Learners from various areas and socioeconomic backgrounds experience discrepancies in their educational performance as a result of this unequal distribution.

Furthermore, the Philippine curriculum is frequently criticized for being out-of-date and parted ways from the needs of the actual world. There is very limited space for the development of skills and practical application because the emphasis is so heavily on academic knowledge. This disparity stops learners from learning the skills they need to succeed in the contemporary work market. The Philippine government has launched a number of programs to enhance the quality of education in response to these difficulties, working in conjunction with diverse partners. To build surroundings that are conducive to learning, infrastructural development investments are being made. Additionally, there is a movement to modernize the curriculum and add more useful and pertinent studies to better prepare learners for the demands of the 21st-century workplace.

Additionally, initiatives are being undertaken to improve teacher learning & development training programs and implement uniform teacher assessment systems. This guarantees that teachers have the abilities and information required to consistently deliver high-quality training. The Philippine educational system is negotiating a challenging and changing environment. Despite the fact that access and quality continue to present substantial difficulties, progress is being made in resolving these problems. The Philippine educational system is steadily changing to meet the demands of the 21st-century through advancements in infrastructure, development of curriculum, teacher quality, and inclusivity. The future of education in the Philippines offers immense promise in the quest of excellence and the realization of the Filipino dream with ongoing commitment and cooperation across stakeholders.

ABSTRACT

Amid the digital era and the pandemic's impact, integrating Information and Communication Technology (ICT) into education has become imperative. The Department of Education faces challenges in delivering quality education, particularly in rural areas. Recent studies emphasize the urgency of enhancing teachers' ICT skills. This study focuses on assessing the ICT skills of teachers in Katutubong Mindoreňo schools within Victoria District, forming the foundation for an ICT Literacy Training Program. To address this concern, an online survey was administered to 16 elementary teachers from Kisloyan, Sigkuran, and Tadyawan. The survey outcomes highlight that teachers exhibit a high skill level in Basic ICT Skills and Internet Information and Communication Access ICT Skill categories. However, a low skill level was observed in Advanced ICT Skills like Producing Graphics and Animation (e.g., Adobe Photoshop), Producing multimedia with authoring tools (e.g., KineMaster, VivaVideo, TikTok), Troubleshooting Skills, and Programming Skills. The findings underscore the necessity for ICT Coordinators to lead comprehensive ICT-related training for teaching personnel. Moreover, schools should receive ICT equipment, and an Innovative Computer-mediated Teaching ICT Literacy Training Program must engage teachers at various levels to uplift their ICT competencies.

Keywords: Advanced ICT Skill, Basic ICT Skill, Computer Applications, Internet Information, Katutubong Mindoreňo

1.     Introduction

The contemporary world has undergone a profound transformation in recent years, especially in the wake of the global health crisis caused by COVID-19. Amid these unprecedented times, the concept of "online learning" or "distance learning" has assumed paramount significance, particularly within the realm of education. The pandemic has ushered in a multitude of changes, and the education sector has not been exempted from its far-reaching effects. Societal challenges have prompted educational institutions to embrace technological advancements and Information and Communication Technology (ICT) applications, prompting a shift towards online learning modalities to ensure uninterrupted education delivery.

In the current landscape, technology, and ICT have emerged as the prevalent conduits for disseminating knowledge across diverse domains, with education standing at the forefront. Particularly, the field of education has become a pivotal arena for the application of ICT, given its capacity to facilitate efficient knowledge transfer (Casal, 2007). The increasing potency of technology has led to its pervasive influence, exerting a dominant presence in numerous facets of daily life, most notably within the realm of education (Al-Adwan et al., 2013.Top of Form

In the digital landscape we inhabit, the integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) within classrooms holds paramount significance, offering students the avenue to acquire and apply indispensable 21st-century skills. ICT serves as a catalyst for enriched teaching and learning experiences, playing a pivotal role in empowering educators as architects of dynamic pedagogical environments. The global pandemic has further underscored ICT's role as a bridge connecting educators and students, transcending physical barriers.

As evidenced by recent studies and surveys, the imperative to cultivate and enhance ICT skills, particularly among teachers in rural areas, has become increasingly urgent. This study aims to ascertain the ICT proficiency of selected teachers within the Katutubong Mindoreňo Schools of Victoria District, laying the foundation for an impactful ICT Literacy Training Program. Over the past decade, governments across the Asia Pacific have championed the integration of new ICTs in education, transcending mere administrative enhancement to influence curricula and pedagogical frameworks (Ng et al., 2010).

ICT's integration in classrooms is pivotal, offering students a platform to acquire 21st-century skills through active engagement. It bolsters teaching and learning processes, equipping educators as creators of engaging pedagogical spaces. The development of Professional Digital Competence (PDC) is recognized as a fundamental facet of teacher education (Gudmundsdottir & Hatlevik, 2017). The study recognizes that without technology, educational quality is constrained, hampering schools, teachers, and students from harnessing its potential in fostering requisite skills for the modern era (Liesa-Orus et al., 2020).

For Filipinos to be globally competitive, integrating technological trends into basic education is imperative, driving progress through adept adaptation (Tomaro, 2018). This study underscores the pursuit of determining the ICT proficiency of teachers within Katutubong Mindoreňo schools in Victoria District, aiming to accentuate the significance of ICT Literacy in these rural areas. The outcomes will serve as the bedrock for an ICT Literacy Training Program, poised to benefit educators, the district, the Division of Oriental Mindoro, and various educational spheres.

The study's overarching objective is to delineate respondent profiles, gauge the extent of computer application utilization, and assess the ICT skill levels of elementary teachers stationed at Katutubong Mindoreňo Schools in Victoria District.

2.     Methods

The assessment of elementary teachers' ICT Skill Levels employed the descriptive survey method. The sample consisted of 16 respondents, reflecting the total population size, selected through complete enumeration sampling, ensuring a 95% confidence level and a 5% margin of error. The survey utilized a Google Form questionnaire comprising three sections: Section A encompassing respondent profiles, Section B focused on computer applications, and Section C dedicated to assessing respondents' ICT skill levels. Data analysis employed descriptive statistics, encompassing frequencies and percentages.

After obtaining the necessary permissions for conducting the online survey, the distribution of questionnaires was facilitated through Google Forms. Subsequent to the completion of the questionnaires, data input was gathered for tabulation, computation, graphical representation, and interpretation. The ICT Skill level of respondents was then characterized using weighted mean, frequencies, ranking, and percentages, offering a comprehensive understanding of their proficiency.

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ABSTRACT

In today's education landscape, a holistic learning experience hinges on providing key elements like computer literacy and effective teaching techniques. Equipping students with 21st-century proficiencies, especially in information, communication, media, and technology, is crucial. These skills align closely with modern demands that heavily rely on computer technology for progress. Unfortunately, rural areas suffer from a lack of computer literacy due to resource shortages and a scarcity of tech-savvy individuals. To bridge this gap, the Information Technology Society has commendably extended its program to Villa Cerveza Elementary School, offering a foundational Basic Computer Literacy Program. This study aimed to assess the impact of Computer Literacy Training on Grade IV-VI pupils' competence in computer operations and Microsoft applications. Employing a descriptive research approach supplemented by triangulation (tests, surveys, observations, and feedback), comprehensive data was collected. The study unveiled pupils' eagerness for learning and the program's success in imparting digital literacy skills. The training effectively improved their grasp of basic computer operations, enhancing overall learning outcomes. The findings emphasize the program's efficacy. From these findings, valuable recommendations emerge. Educators should foster innovation in computer-assisted materials, cementing knowledge gained from training. Collaboratively, local government units, the Department of Education, and the Department of Information, Communication, and Technology must facilitate computer provision and ICT center establishment, fostering an environment conducive to sustained computer literacy and technological progress.

Keywords: computer, IT Society, literacy, Microsoft applications, Villa Cerveza Elementary School

1.     Introduction

Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) are universally acknowledged as contemporary instrumental tools that empower educators to adapt their teaching methods in order to heighten student engagement (Mbaeze and Ukwandu, 2010). The swift advancements in information and communication technologies (ICTs) over recent years have brought about transformative changes in global operations and communication dynamics (Pune, Pimpri, Chinchwad, Lonavala, Khandala, 2002).

Today, the integration of computer technology has become an imperative across diverse domains of human endeavor, particularly within academic institutions. Information and Communications Technology (ICT) has evolved into an indispensable force in education, revolutionizing pedagogy, elevating learning outcomes, and enhancing the efficiency of information dissemination.

The past three decades have witnessed an accelerated surge in emerging technologies, redefining our lifestyles, professional landscapes, and educational paradigms (Voogt et al., 2013: 403; Sung et al., 2016: 252).

Yet, schools situated in remote areas confront a considerable dearth in essential skills, even encompassing basic computer literacy. These institutions grapple with multifaceted challenges, including limited funds for procuring computers and accessories, a scarcity of proficient personnel, and an underutilization of ICT for teaching and learning processes (Michael & Igenewari, 2018; Mbaeze and Ukwandu, 2010).

Given its transformative potential, computer technology should indubitably permeate the educational fabric. An institution such as MinSU, espousing core values of Responsibility, Integrity, Commitment, and Excellence, stands poised to champion technological education through immersive instruction and training. The Information Technology Society at MinSU extends its service program to remote elementary school pupils in Villa Cerveza, facilitating Basic Computer Literacy training.

This program encompasses fundamental computer concepts and operations, alongside instruction in word processing via MS Word, spreadsheet proficiency with MS Excel, and presentation skills using MS PowerPoint.

This study seeks to evaluate the efficacy of Computer Literacy Training for Villa Cerveza Elementary School pupils. Specifically, it aims to outline respondent profiles, delineate the factors underpinning the acquisition of Basic Computer Literacy by VCES pupils, and gauge the impact on pupil computer literacy pre- and post-training.

2. Methods

To ascertain the influence of Computer Literacy Training on pupils at Villa Cerveza Elementary School, the research employed a descriptive methodology. The data collection process utilized the triangulation approach, encompassing test and survey questionnaires, observations, and participant comments.

To extract essential insights into how the participants gained Basic Computer Literacy, a test-questionnaire hybrid was administered. Meanwhile, a survey instrument was deployed to gauge the factors contributing to the acquisition of Basic Computer Literacy among VCES pupils. To evaluate the significant impact on students' computer literacy before and after the training, dichotomous questionnaires were administered in both pre-test and post-test phases.

The participants comprised eighty-four (84) students from Grade IV-VI at Villa Cerveza Elementary School, spanning ages 8 to 16 years old. Data analysis encompassed descriptive statistics, including frequency distribution and percentages, providing a comprehensive understanding of the gathered information.

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ABSTRACT

The Mangyans, esteemed inhabitants of Mindoro and the province's original settlers boast a rich cultural heritage and a simple yet profound way of life. Among their remarkable contributions to Filipino culture are the syllabic writing systems and scripts, notably exemplified by the Hanunuo Mangyan group. This group persists in using their unique surat scripts and dialect, which have become emblematic of their identity. This mobile application has been crafted with the intent of imparting the Hanunuo Language, a pursuit that serves as a conduit for embracing Filipino culture. Its impact reverberates positively within the Hanunuo Mangyan community, fostering comprehension of their language and paving the way for broader intergenerational continuity. The application holds the potential to sustain the relevance of their language and scripts, enabling successful Hanunuo Mangyans to seamlessly acquaint their communities with its usage. Such a dynamic facilitates improved communication between Hanunuo Mangyans and fellow Filipinos, as well as international citizens. Employing the Rapid Application Development (RAD) approach, the software's developmental journey unfolds through planning, data gathering, design, coding, testing, and evaluation phases. Notably, the Hanunuo Mangyan Community, Mangyan Schools, and IT Experts collaboratively participated in evaluating the developed system. The evaluation, utilizing ISO 25010 Software Metrics, holistically assessed functional suitability, performance efficiency, compatibility, usability, reliability, security, maintainability, and portability. Cumulatively, the system attained a 4.43 mean score, signifying an "Acceptable" level of performance. Beyond its technical prowess, the system significantly enhances users' understanding of the Hanunuo language, offering translations into Hanunuo, English, and Tagalog. Additionally, the application includes a dictionary and trivia section, further enriching users' knowledge. Ultimately, this system not only augments users' linguistic knowledge but also safeguards the Hanunuo Language by fostering its preservation and propagation within the community. To propel this initiative forward, future studies are recommended to expand system features and explore integration with the IOS Operating System.

Keywords: Learning Application, Mangyan, Mobile App, Hanunuo and Hanuspeak,

1.     Introduction

The pride of Mindoro were the first settlers of the province. Splendid and peaceful people, with a great culture and simple way of living, that is who they are. They are divided into several groups namely: Iraya, Tau-buid, Buhid, Hanunuo, Alangan, Ratagnon, Tadyawan, and Bangon (Postma, 2018).

Students of his era were taught that long before the Spanish conquistadors came in 1521, the inhabitants of the islands had numerous traditions and trade relations with other neighboring Asian countries. However, no teacher ever said that when the Spaniards came to colonize the islands the natives already had a system of writing (Wan Kim et al., 2015).

As they lived near the sea, there came several traders such as Chinese people. Then, according to rumors, during the Spanish times, a certain Dutch vessel sank in the oceans near Mindoro. They came over to the island and encountered the Mangyan people. Some were thought to have lived with the Mangyan women and this explains the origin of the so-called “Mangyan Tisoys”.

For a long period of time, they lived among themselves on the coasts of Oriental Mindoro. At first, they fished for a living. Nevertheless, there came a time when other Tagalogs and other groups of people came. To avoid disputes, the mild-mannered and peace-loving people gave up their land moved to the mountains and came down only for food and other necessities. Despite their goodness, they were treated as a second-class set of people, usually being misjudged, and discriminated. Due to that, until this time, they continued living up in the mountains, planting crops, and raising hogs as a means of living (Anon, 2015).

In an article by Farisal Bagsit et al., (2015), it is stated that the Mangyan Script (Surat-Mangyan) is one of the few remaining Filipino Baybayin scripts handed to us by the Hanunuo-Mangyans of Mindoro. Guided by the research of Antoon Postma, a Dutch Anthropologist & expert in Mangyanology, and the advocacy of the Mangyan Heritage Center (MHC), the Hanunuo-Mangyan has consciously preserved Surat-Mangyan from the demise that many baybayin scripts went through. Their society persisted in using Surat-Mangyan hand in hand with their chanted poetry, the Ambahan.

According to the study, Antoon Postma, a missionary priest, the idea of building a heritage center for the Mangyan was born in the early 1960s. Social scientists have documented Mangyan tribes into several major tribes. The Northern tribes include the Iraya, Alangan, and Tadyawan tribes while the Buhid, Bangon Ratagnon, and Hanunuo Mangyan comprise the tribes in the South. Each indigenous Mangyan group has its own distinctive language and cultural traditions, though only the Buhid and Hanunuo Mangyans who live in the Southern part of Mindoro have their own syllabic writing system (Mindoro, 2015).

The syllabic writing and scripts of our indigenous people like Hanunuo Mangyan is one of the most popular languages of our Filipino culture. They are the groups of Mangyan who still exist using their own Surat scripts and dialects.

Those tribes communicate with each other by means of speaking Tagalog words because they do not understand the dialect of other tribes. And that is one of the problems they encounter when it comes to communication. The Hanunuo tribe is the largest community among those tribes, and they are very familiar to many people living in Mindoro. The Hanunuo tribe has their own school located here in Mindoro where most of the new generation of them are studying their own dialect and scripts.

With the growth of technology, particularly the uprising utilization of mobile phones as a means of communication, education, and some various important aspects used by many people. The researchers thought that we needed to enclose our own ethnicity in the rise of technology, so they came up with developing a learning mobile application that gives educational information about the Hanunuo Language. The developed application is used to learn their language and to create communication between them. This application would help them to be part of the uprising technology using this application. This would also help us to communicate with our Mangyan Hanunuo friends upon learning their language.

The study aimed to develop a learning mobile application for the Hanunuo Language. Specifically, the study aimed to develop a mobile application that will give knowledge and preserve the Hanunuo Language to the community, develop and design a Hanunuo Language dictionary with Tagalog and English conversion or synonyms, and develop a mobile-based system that can update additional Hanunuo Language.

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ABSTRACT

The ubiquitous presence and indispensability of computer technology in our contemporary lives are undeniable. Today, students across all levels of education are expected to possess the essential skills and competencies to navigate data and information generated by the modern world, often mediated through computer technology. However, the accessibility to such technological prowess is not universal, especially in the context of public primary and secondary schools situated in rural areas. Many students within these environments lack exposure to computer technology and its applications. Recognizing this digital divide, the College of Computer Studies at MinSU took proactive measures by extending its expertise to address this disparity. Specifically, their Computer Literacy Program targeted Grade IV, V, and VI pupils, as well as Junior and Senior High School students in Oriental Mindoro. This initiative aimed to equip these students with a foundational knowledge of computer operations and concepts. Given the dearth of ICT equipment in many rural public schools, MinSU's program assumed greater significance in bridging this technological gap. The Computer Literacy Program designed by MinSU effectively facilitated a transformative learning experience. It empowered participants with not only theoretical understanding but also practical hands-on activities, fostering the recall, review, and mastery of concepts. Furthermore, it honed their proficiency in basic office applications, enabling them to apply their skills in real-world scenarios. The program's impact was apparent through participants' newfound confidence and eagerness to engage with computers and technology. Factors influencing students' attitudes were discerned, showcasing the pivotal role of motivation in their learning journey. The positive outcomes observed in acquiring basic computer literacy underscored the effectiveness of MinSU's initiative. As technology becomes an inseparable part of our world, fostering such essential skills within the student population will undoubtedly contribute to their academic success and future prospects.

Keywords: Basic Computer Literacy, Extension Service, MinSU, and OM-SITE

INTRODUCTION

           The Philippine Government has shown serious commitment to ICT in education by announcing a series of initiatives to apply ICT in teaching and learning. These were aligned to the Millennium Development Goals and the Education for All Movements. Other key policy documents like the Five-Year ICT Strategic Plan have identified the need for ICT reform within the education sector and these have resulted in more prioritizing from regions, schools, and teachers regarding the incorporation of ICT into the education system. [1]

Among the 55 nations included in the Information Society Index (ISI) 43, the Philippines is ranked 48th in terms of preparedness and ability to absorb advances and growth in information and communication technologies (ICT). Recognizing the need for improvements in the use of ICT in education and training, the Philippines Government has enacted laws to foster the use of ICT for widening access to education, improving the quality of teaching, and fostering the development of lifelong learning skills. [2]

The political acceptability and the objectives of the Philippines’ “Information and Communication Technology Plan for the 21st Century” (1998) [3] to provide physical infrastructure and technical support that will make ICT accessible and useful to students, teachers, administrators, and support staff and to develop competence among teachers in using technology, urged the MinSU Main Campus College of Computer Studies (CCS) in providing Extension Services to Education sector.

Information and Communications Technology (ICT) has come to play such a persistent and critical role in education that is indispensable. Education will enable a person to achieve and attain knowledge and skills to facilitate future learning, enhance participation in national development, and improve living conditions. The school as a specialized agency for education caters for the provision and the realization of said educational goals. However, development challenges continually face the education sector as brought about by economic and technological evolution both globally and locally. These oblige schools to effectively cope with the rapid growth and development trends of the changing society.[4]

With its tremendous capabilities, computer technology should inevitably be reflected in the educational system. Institutions such as MinSU which uphold the core values of Responsibility, Involvement, Commitment, and Excellence could be tapped to promote technological education through intensive instruction and training. Through this linkage, the pupils and students of public primary and secondary schools will harness the potential of computers as a tool for learning. One of the needs identified during the Needs Assessment is the conduct of Training on Computer Operations and Microsoft Applications for Primary and Secondary Schools in rural areas.

To successfully implement the training, the Extension department of the College ought to: 1) identify the level of ICT training knowledge of the participants through pre-assessment evaluation; 2) create curriculum and training design; 3) conduct technical sessions; 3) assess participants’ acquired knowledge through post-evaluation; 4) evaluate the overall impact of the training to the participants; and 5) monitor the impact of the training to the participants.

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Every student is unique. That’s why there is always diversity inside the classroom. They have different strategies to learn ang cope up with things that make them stressed and distracted. Handling elementary students even in traditional learning is difficult. Students are running around the school, even if it’s class hours. Some of them are crying because they want to go home and play. Some students have short patience while learning because they didn`t understand the lesson.

People may say, it’s hard to maintain learning in elementary schools, But the magic of teaching requires a dedicated heart. Yes, it’s hard, but we want our children to learn to the future generation and contribute to the success of the community, country and the whole world. Every learner has different capabilities that need to bloom. Even though they are hard-headed, later on, they will realize what the teacher are saying,

 Student-centered teaching should give emphasis, but of course on values, The learners need to be engaged in the learning process. Remaining calm and taking a deep breath may help the teacher introduce the lesson properly. A positive tone and appropriate response may help the students remain calm and look above the teacher with values.

Treating the students equally and respectively can be the key to ensuring the understanding of the lesson. Teachers may be brought up the learners’ best in the learning development. Don’t favor certain students because it may hurt other students behind. The goal is to maintain inclusive learning inside the classroom, virtually or not.

Always maintain good communication with the learners. Modeling the behavior you expect from the students can reflect what would be the teacher they want. teaching personal and social skills can also be the necessary to help out learners who are shy. Avoid also labeling students, but try to understand where are they behavior is coming from.

Loving them as your own child can create a positive atmosphere. This will also improve the classroom. Teacher may be prepared and organized, but being equipped with interacting difficult behavior should also be instilled. It’s important to set and provide a firm foundation for trust to keep a healthy relationship with the students.

Supporting them is an action of love and concern of their learning development. Don’t make other students left behind, especially in the time of crisis. If necessary, visit them at their home and ask how they are. Try to be gentle as it needs to improve and secure quality education in the pandemic. There are still students who are coping up and need encouragement.

Teachers should value each students, and make them feel loved. Ensuring that they are learning this time is difficult to achieve, but teacher should be more patient. This the foundation of their basic education, so we need to carefully do our best to guide them according to their needs, Moreover, the learning objectives of the subject should be attained.

Abstract

The chicken poultry industry is an important business for sustainable food supply in the Philippines hence the development of an automatic chicken feeding machine can be very useful to the growth of poultry production. This study aims to design and implement a mechanized feeding system with monitoring capabilities that automate the process of giving feeds and water to poultry animals in the allotted and specific period and ensure the chicken’s welfare through temperature and humidity control. The project integrates an Internet of Things technology to allow the poultry farmer to monitor and control all the parameters in real-time. The project applies the Rapid Application Development Cycle for the analysis, requirement specifications, building, testing, and implementation of the study. Servo motors, conveyors, ultrasonic sensor wipers, stepper motors for feed distribution, and DHT22 and MQ2 sensors for monitoring purposes serve as the major hardware components of the project. The project uses a microcontroller and Wi-Fi module to link the mobile phone and the E-manukan hardware system. The finding shows that the system is tested to be functional, reliable, maintainable, and user-friendly. The study recommends using other parameters that enable to determinate the health condition of the chicken.

Keywords: E-manukan, microcontroller, Internet of Things, poultry management system

1. Introduction

Poultry farming is an important source of income for small farmers in developing countries. It plays an important role in meeting a person's daily protein needs through the consumption of meat and eggs. [1] Globally, poultry production provides high-quality, affordable animal protein and provides a source of income for smallholder farmers around the world. Recently, however, COVID-19 has impacted the resilience of various livestock industries around the world. The recent COVID-19 pandemic is impacting the poultry sector. With the spread of the new and deadly virus, the word ‘normal’ has flown out of the window regarding the production of livestock.

Poultry production here in the province of Oriental Mindoro has been also affected, especially since the pandemic began. Since there is a pandemic, most poultry farmers are scared to go out. During the pandemic, more problems related to poultry farming arose, including bird flu. Bird flu is an illness that primarily affects poultry animals, adding more concern to poultry farmers.[3] It cannot avoid having problems in current poultry operations that every poultry farmer is experiencing today. In this province, it can be observed that most poultry farmers still use manual poultry operations; feeding and giving water are manually operated by human work. It is well known that hands are covered in bacteria and viruses that can lead to the spread of a particular disease. Manual feeding can bring some illnesses to poultry animals, especially if the person who gives food is a carrier or contaminated with the virus or any disease that can affect the animals. [4]

The authors of [5] proposed an IoT-based smart poultry farm. The system is used in chicken feeders, it can maintain the temperature to provide a water sprinkler mechanism, and the potting mix can reduce unwanted gases from the birds. The system checks humidity and temperature in poultry farms.

In the development of a smart poultry project, authors [6] suggest real-time control and monitoring of environmental situation parameters such as temperature, air quality, and illuminance through appropriate controls such as exhaust fans and lights. This intelligent system can be used to manage farms remotely from anywhere, reducing time and manual labor. The Internet of Things [7] can be integrated into a system to monitor and control the chicken coop environment by using sensors. With this system, poultry farmers can monitor and control the temperature and humidity in the coop using DHT11 automatically.

The proponents embarked on this project with a dual purpose: firstly, to usher in updated technology, and secondly, to provide invaluable assistance to poultry farmers. This study seamlessly integrates IoT technology, automating the vital task of feeding and hydrating poultry animals. To facilitate this, we will develop an Android application, enabling poultry parameter monitoring via specialized sensors, thereby offering real-time insights into the condition of the poultry.

Traditionally, poultry farmers have been required to physically visit their farms to feed the animals. However, this practice presents challenges, especially for those located far from their farms, necessitating considerable time and physical effort. Upon reaching the farm, farmers must meticulously oversee the well-being of their poultry and ensure their needs are met. Failure to do so can result in the unfortunate loss of sick animals, negatively impacting the overall quality of poultry meat production. Such an outdated system cannot comprehensively address the needs of the animals, ultimately affecting the quality of the end product.

Our innovative poultry mechanized feeding system addresses these challenges by precisely dispensing the appropriate amount of food into the chicken feeding tray at predefined intervals each day. This ensures optimal care for the poultry and maintains the quality of poultry meat at its highest potential.

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Abstract. Animal farming is a one-way source of income for domestic Filipinos, and it plays an essential part in the Philippine economy. Owning such a business entails responsibility for the safety and well-being of animals, which should be prioritized; thus, the development of animal farmhouse security and monitoring systems will be beneficial to animal production. The objective of this project is to design and implement a security and monitoring system that always ensures the farmhouse’s safety and secures the animal's location using a collar tracking device. The project integrates an Internet of Things that allows recording and able to review of the login system and tracking system data in real-time. All the major hardware requirements such as fingerprint scanner, PIR sensor, ESP32 camera module, Sim800L, Node MCU-ESP32 board, and Arduino Mega are used for security and monitoring system purposes. Moreover, a GPS module is used for a tracking system that locates animals in real-time. The project uses a mobile application that links the hardware system with the use of microcontroller boards with built-in Wi-Fi mode. To ensure that the project is always operational and environmentally friendly, developers employ a non-conventional source of energy; hence, a solar-powered system is used in this project. The result of the evaluation shows that the developed project passed the level of functionality, reliability, usability, efficiency, maintainability, and compatibility.

Keywords: Animal farming,  E-Farm Bantay,  Internet of Things, Monitoring System, Security System

1. Introduction

Agriculture is one of the primary sources of income that contributes to the gross domestic product of many countries in the world. This could be classified as cultivating plants and livestock raising. Agriculture is vital in the world’s economy as well as it is one of the sources of employment for many people, the fact that most of the world’s workers are employed in different agricultural sectors. [1]. Furthermore, in developing countries, agriculture is one of the foundations of people’s livelihood that can end hunger and extreme poverty.

In the Philippines, the agriculture sector is profitable and a solid source of income. The most common and successful agribusiness in the country is livestock raising which shares a considerable market share in Filipino marketplaces and supermarkets. For many years, livestock raising has become the most important sub-sector in the agricultural industry that gives significance to the country’s economic growth [2]. In 2020, the gross value added of the livestock sector contracted by 6.9 percent, the highest among the sub-sectors in the Philippine agriculture industry [3].

         In recent years, technological developments undoubtedly revolutionized the world of animal farming management. Huge advancements in the industry over the last 8–10 years have made managing animal farming much more manageable and simpler [4]. These new developments have become a trend in terms of increasing productivity, efficiency, and most importantly, improving the safety of animal agriculture. However, by the time the livestock has increased demand the safety of each, and every herd of animal farming must be prioritized to prevent danger and loss.

Animal farming is frequently targeted by theft crime due to the several domestic animal farming industries in the provinces of the Philippines that lack in terms of security management. The country’s agriculture sector fell by 1.7 percent in 2021, mainly driven by declines in the livestock sector [5]. Many Filipinos lost their job and faced difficulties in providing for their needs. Resulting in many reports of theft crimes that became rampant in some local animal farm industries. Securing the safety of animal agriculture contributes to the precision of the animal agriculture sector. Moreover, methods of security system innovations may vary on the purpose of the system that will benefit the farm industry. Theft detection is now a necessity when it comes to developing highly secure buildings as well as a camera for the monitoring system. Theft detection and animal farmhouse monitoring will maintain the environmental quality that drives the development of animal farming.

This design project was conducted mainly to develop a wirelessly controlled farmhouse security system that notifies the owner when an intrusion happens and a monitoring system to protect the safety of an animal farm raising. This study specifically aimed to design an IoT-based security and monitoring system device for the animal farmhouse that covers the following: solar-powered system, fingerprint login security, intruder detection system, video monitoring system, collar tracking device, and mobile application development system.

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ABSTRACT 

 The increasing trend of students attending school under the influence of alcohol poses significant challenges to educational institutions. This paper presents E-Breath, a cloud-based liquor detector device integrated with a student tracker. The device utilizes an alcohol sensor to detect alcohol concentration in students' breath, and the data is securely stored in a Firebase database. The device is complemented by a mobile app developed using MIT App Inventor 2, providing real-time sensor data visualization. To ensure security, the device incorporates email authentication, requiring authorized personnel to sign up through the mobile app. Additionally, RFID technology is used to identify students and transmit their credentials to Firebase. The methodology encompasses project analysis, management, and requirements, including the use of Arduino UNO, MQ3 alcohol sensor, Sim800L GSM module, ESP8266 Wi-Fi module, RFID RC522, 16x2 LCD 2IC, and ENOOK 3.7v 30a battery. The results demonstrate the successful functioning of the E-Breath device, with accurate liquor detection, student identification, and SMS notification to authorized individuals. The design of the device emphasizes user-friendliness and adaptability.

Keywords: Alcohol sensor, GSM module, RFID, Wi-Fi module.

1.   Introduction 

         For many students, especially those who live away from their parents, going to school while under the influence of alcohol is one of the most challenging aspects of their lives. Alcohol addiction is likely to be a serious issue in universities and colleges since students are free to do anything they want outside of school.

Most university students across the world fall between the age group of 18 to 29, which also corresponds to the age group with the highest occurrence of drinking problems. There is substantial evidence of excessive drinking among college students, with many commencing heavy drinking in their freshman year. College students have an elevated likelihood of experiencing drinking issues, with approximately 20-25 percent facing such problems or dealing with their consequences. Considering that students already face academic pressures, assessing academic performance is a crucial factor in understanding student drinking patterns [1]. According to these studies, there is a significant negative link between undergraduate alcohol usage and academic achievement in higher education. Contrarily, large-scale, carefully controlled studies appear to have offered little empirical support for the impact of heavy drinking on, for example, attrition from college. In fact, the results of prospective research indicated that there is little correlation between alcohol usage and undergraduate academic achievement.[2]

There is a considerable adverse relationship between alcohol consumption during undergraduate years and academic performance in higher education. However, extensive, well-regulated studies do not seem to provide much concrete evidence for the influence of heavy drinking on college attrition and other related factors [3]. The drinking behavior of students in Metro Manila is similar to that of other countries. To create effective policies and monitoring procedures for alcohol consumption, it is suggested that this survey should be conducted on a regular basis across the nation and compared with other countries to determine the best practices. This approach will aid in comprehending alcohol consumption patterns among young people, identifying potential hazards, and creating successful strategies for prevention and intervention [4].

 As the number of students going to school under the influence of alcohol keeps increasing, this project will help address the problem and lessen the number of students who keep coming into the school compound and attending classes under the influence of alcohol. This project will help the school authorities monitor the student's attendance at school while they are under the influence of alcohol. Not only will it lessen the risk of students going to school under the influence of alcohol, but it will also lessen the risk of unexpected things like engaging in a fight.

 With this situation, the proponents created the Liquor Detector. It is a microcontroller-based liquor detector that detects Liquor levels. It will examine students' breath using an Alcohol sensor and it will detect if there is alcohol concentration and it will be saved in a database in Firebase. Also, the device has a mobile app that shows the real-time value of the sensor. The Proponents have used MIT App Inventor 2 to create the App. Also, to increase security the Proponents came up with email authentication. The authorized person will sign up in the mobile app and it will send an email confirmation to their email after the confirmation. It will send the data into Firebase. The proponents also used RFID which will substitute for a student's ID card to identify the student that will use the Liquor Detector device and their credentials will be sent to Firebase.  

1.1          Motivation

College is the most challenging part of schooling, especially when you need to live in an apartment or boarding house. Students that are away from their families and sometimes they are with their peers. They tend to take alcohol together with their peer to lessen the stress they are experiencing. With this, the developers made this reality as a motivation to build a device that detects the alcohol percentage of a person through their breath.

1.2          Objectives

 Generally, the study aimed to develop an IoT-based Liquor Detector using RFID Technology. Specifically, the study aimed to:

1.     To design a project that utilizes sensors and the MIT App Inventor to detect a person's liquor content.

2.     To develop an accurate liquor detector system that detects liquor content through the user's breath.

3.     To integrate the Liquor Detector with NodeMCU using the MQ-3 Alcohol sensor and RFID technology.

4.     To conduct testing to evaluate the accuracy of the device, and

5.     To implement the developed Liquor Detector with SMS notification for the MinSU Bongabong Campus.

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Abstract

Agriculture is one of the most significant industries in any country, particularly in the Philippines. According to the Provincial Agriculture Office (PAgO), pechay is the top-leaf vegetable for agricultural production in Oriental Mindoro. Pechay, on the other hand, is constantly threatened by various diseases, such as the occurrence of downy mildew, which is a fluffy or powdery-white mass of spores on the undersurface of brassica seed leaves (cotyledons), followed by black speckling and puckering of the upper surface, which destroys the entire leaf in a matter of days. Early detection of disease prevalence can assist farmers in implementing the appropriate prevention and cure to reduce disease spread. Using image processing techniques and machine learning, this research develops a system that can identify whether pechay plants are healthy or have a disease. Images of pechay plants are collected and pre-processed to resize and enhance them. The disease of pechay is trained by the researcher to test the accuracy and predict the disease. The image captured by the robot will be compared to the image saved in the database. The Convolutional Neural Network is utilized to determine whether the pechay is healthy, unhealthy, or has a disease and predict pechay disease. The accuracy of the pechay disease is tested and obtained by using formulas and training the disease. Mobile applications provide information, prevention, cure, and location of the pechay with a disease on the farm. Mobile applications also provide the classification of diseases and the history of detection. With an accuracy of 85% - 97%, the system can distinguish between healthy, unhealthy, and diseased pechay.

Keywords: agriculture, classification, convolutional neural network, image processing, machine learning

Introduction

Accurate estimates of disease incidence, disease severity, and the negative effects of diseases on the quality and quantity of agricultural produce are important for field crops, horticulture, plant breeding, and for improving fungicide efficacy as well as for basic and applied plant research. Reliable and timely assessments of plant disease occurrence and spread are, in particular, the basis for planning targeted plant protection activities in field or greenhouse production and forecasting temporal and spatial disease spread in specific growing regions. Common methods for diagnosing and detecting plant diseases include visual plant disease estimation by human raters, microscopic evaluation of morphology features to identify pathogens, and molecular, serological, and microbiological diagnostics. [1]

Oriental Mindoro leafy vegetables and legumes have the lowest production volume, less than 500 [2]. In Oriental Mindoro, a cultivated country, about 70% of the population depends on agriculture. Farmers have a wide variety of options for selecting appropriate crops and pesticides for plants. Hence, damage to the crops would lead to a huge loss in productivity and ultimately affect the economy.

Image processing is a process that converts the image into digital form to extract valuable information from the frame. Image processing is a rapidly growing technology with appliances in various fields such as remote sensing, color processing, machine/robot vision, etc. The 23-layered deep CNN model has been compared with all other different machine learning models in terms of accuracy as discussed by Azimi et al., 2021 [3]. As compared with other features, the nitrogen stress features are easily classified using the proposed CNN model. Disease caused various losses both in the field of crop production and economics. Authors [4] introduce a hybrid PCA technique with an optimized algorithm named whale optimization for feature extraction and evaluate the data in terms of accuracy and superiority. Rust and Cercospora are the primary two diseases that affect the quality and productivity of the coffee plant.

The F-CNN and S-CNN models [5], with full image and segmented images, can classify and detect disease in plant leaves. When the trained CNN model is applied to a segmented image instead of to a complete image, the accuracy achieved is more than the full image. Machine learning provides the optimal solution in all fields for the future of the world. Machine learning is a branch of computer science that can be mainly used for image analysis, natural language processing, data mining, and expert systems robotics. This concept is used in our paper to help detect leaf disease using machine learning and image processing.

An automatic model for detecting and classifying an unhealthy area of plants is discussed by Atila et al., 2021 [6] The accuracy of the Efficient Net CNN-based state-of-the-art model was compared with different models to detect various diseases of a plant leaf. The accuracy achieved with this model is 96.18% as compared to different architectures. According to Sorte et al., 2019, [7] suggested a texture-based pattern recognition algorithm to detect leaf lesions on the coffee plant. The attributes (local binary attribute and statistical attribute) are calculated and compared with the CNN identification rate. The performance of deep learning models in terms of “learning rate”, “batch size”, “activation function type” and “regularization rate” using tensor flow application is calculated by Kallam et al., 2018 [8]. With these terms, the author finds the number of hidden layers with test and training loss.

Several conventional machine-learning approaches have gained more practice in identifying and diagnosing plant lesions and are limited to image segmentation, feature extraction, and pattern recognition procedures [9]. It is impossible to extract features from a large amount of dataset using traditional techniques such as manual detection and machine learning. A deep learning model, on the other hand, retrieves the data abstraction from bottomless layers that are more useful and valuable than the machine learning techniques that cannot be applied to image datasets. The inclusion of redundant feature information is one of the drawbacks of employing deep architecture [10].

In this paper, the proponents have designed an agricultural robot to detect leaf disease and monitor field conditions using modern techniques such as machine learning and image processing. Machine learning is an efficient technique for detecting diseases both in medicine and agriculture.

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ABSTRACT

In a barangay office, the popular transactions are recording and storage of barangay records and the residents’ or inhabitants’ request for documents like Certificate of Residency, Certificate of Good Moral, Certificate of No Valid I.D., Certificate of Indigency, Certificate of Appearance, Certificate of Renewal, Building Permit, and Letter of Acceptance. Barangay Aplaya at Bongabong, Oriental Mindoro handles all these transactions manually which is slow and causes long queue during peak days. It is the intention of the researcher to automate the management information system of the barangay for faster, efficient, dependable and reliable transactions that will improve the quality of service to its residents/inhabitants. This research project called e-MIS: A Computerized Management Information System for Barangay Aplaya, Bongabong, Oriental Mindoro was developed to automate the recording, processing, and managing of barangay records and residents’/inhabitants’ information. It is a software that provides user-friendly interface and a reliable database to manage, process, and release the request of the residents/inhabitants and to securely store and retrieve the barangay records and residents’/inhabitants’ information, respectively. The researcher adopted the following stages of the waterfall model throughout the development of the software: Requirements Gathering, Design, Development/ Implementation, Testing, Deployment, and Maintenance. The software starts with a Log-in page. If the username and password are both correct, the user will proceed to the Homepage. The Homepage provides links to the following options or pages: Personnel, History, Inhabitants, Request Form, and History of Activities. The Personnel Page displays the barangay’s officials and personnel. The History Page displays the history of the barangay. The Inhabitants Page shows the list of the residents/inhabitants. In the List of Request Form Page, the following transactions or requests can be processed and/or released: Certificate of Residency, Certificate of Good Moral, Certificate of No Valid I.D., Patawag, Certificate of Indigency, Certificate of Appearance, Certificate of Renewal, Building Permit, and Letter of Acceptance. Finally, the History of Activities Page shows the audit trail of all the transactions done in the Request Form Page. All these are kept in a database. The results of the evaluation revealed that the end-users rated the system excellent, with an overall mean score of 4.83. Among the five criteria included in the instrument, functionality got the highest mean score of 4.9, performance was ranked second with 4.87, usability was third with 4.83, reliability was fourth with 4.80, and supportability and user-friendliness were ranked fifth with 4.77 mean score.

Keywords: Computerized, MIS, MySQL, OOP, Barangay Aplaya Bongabong Oriental Mindoro

I.      INTRODUCTION

During the American regime, barangay is called barrio which acts as a vehicle for expressing the views of the people on important national issues. Thereafter, on September 21, 1974 by virtue of PD No. 557, the barrio also known as citizen’s assembly finally became a barangay making it a truly meaningful basic political unit. A barangay is the small administrative division in the Philippines and is the native Filipino term for a village. It is subdivided into

smaller areas which are commonly known as Zone or Purok. It may consist of 50-100 families which is governed by barangay captain or “punong barangay” together with the seven (7) Sangguniang Barangay members, the Sangguniang Kabataan chairman, a Barangay Secretary, and a Barangay Treasurer. As the basic political unit, a barangay is responsible for planning and implementing the policies, plans, programs, projects, and activities of the government in the community.

Moreover, the barangay is in charge of keeping the records of all the residents like the personal information, educational attainment, occupation, voter’s information, residency status, profile status, and other relevant information. All these records are very important for various reasons and purposes. In Aplaya Bongabong, the said records are kept and managed manually. When a resident requests for documents like barangay clearance, residence certificate or other documents requested from a barangay unit, the processes are done manually.

In the study [1] on Barangay Resident Record Management and Certificate Issuance System, the author stated that this study focuses on the records management system of the said barangay. The barangay secretary/treasurer is the one assigned for permits, community tax certificate, business taxes, and other fees. They are also in charge of keeping track of the records, capture and maintain updated records of all issuance transactions and daily, monthly, and yearly reports. They manually handle all transactions daily like the issuance of barangay clearance, certification, cedula, and permits. Before the request is completed, the residents must undergo a long and slow process. Same is true with storing and updating of files, accessing data, recording the expenses, and other transactions. They used log books and forms for recording of data and information and folders to categorized the documents. These processes are slow and requires and long procedure in retrieving and recording file and the assigned staff constantly encounters difficulties.

The Local Government Code of 1991 [2] states that to perform effectively, each barangay should maintain database holding different information about the barangay such as population, records of the disbursements of fund, filed grievance cases, houses constructed in the community and citizen’s socio-economic profile. With the manual system used at most of the barangay, the accuracy and security of the files and data are at risk.

         The MIS plays the role of information generation, communication, problem identification and helps in the process of decision-making. The MIS, therefore, plays a vital role in the management, administration and operation of an organization [3].

         To develop a computerized management information system, the choice of object-oriented programming language and database management software to be used play a vital role for the researcher. According to [4], object-oriented programming is gaining increasing acceptance in both academia and in industry because of its suitability for modeling computation as a community of interacting objects. Consequently, Object-oriented programming languages are arguably the most widely used languages for implementing introductory courses in computing.

GUI (Graphical User Interface) allows users to interact with programs by using a mouse to point, drag, or click. GUI programs are referred to as event-driven or event-based because they respond to user-initiated events, such as a mouse click. The GUI is used on the development of the system which it helps to make a connection as well as command between the software and the user [5]. The researcher used C# because it has user-friendly features to create a GUI by dragging the desired controls/tools and put programs unto it.

In addition, the researchers used MySQL as back end or database. According to [6], MySQL is an open-source relational database management system that has experienced a phenomenal growth in popularity and use. Known for its speed and ease of use, MySQL has proven itself to be a particularly well-suited for developing database-backed knowledge websites and applications. In addition, [6] stated that MySQL (pronounced My-Ess-Que-Ell) is a very fast, robust, relational database management system (RDBMS). A database enables you to efficiently store, search, sort and retrieve data. The server itself controls access to your data to ensure that multiple users can work with it concurrently, to provide fast access to it, and to ensure that only authorized users can obtain access. In other words, it is considered as a multiuser and multithreaded server.

The manual system used by Barangay Aplaya in keeping the records of the residents/inhabitants, processing requests, and monitoring daily transactions are slow, not accurate all the time, and not secured. More effort and time are needed in order to store, manage and update data and information as they used pens and logbooks as part of their manual system. Specifically, manual record keeping is less organized and lacks security because the files are stored in logbooks which makes in available to anyone. If information falls into wrong hands, it can be altered and manipulated. The barangay oversees giving services like issuing barangay clearance, indigency certificate, community tax certificate and other local government transactions. Barangay Aplaya’s most issued and requested documents are the barangay clearance, certificate of indigency and residency.

The advent of modern technology opens wider opportunities for barangays to serve its constituents better through computerization of documents as it provides such as barangay clearance, certificate of indulgency, letter of recommendation, generate reports, and others. Technology is adopted in different fields like businesses, agriculture, politics and implementing it in barangay will make an efficient and reliable system rather than the manual and old system. From the process of encoding, adding, removing, and updating data, this information management system would make the work of the in-charge barangay personnel. The requests and issuing documents of the residents would be faster and accurate. The documents released would be secure and saved in the system [7].

It is the intention of the research to automate the management information system of the barangay for faster, efficient, dependable, reliable, and secure transactions that will improve the daily operations and the quality of service to its residents/inhabitants. Specifically, the research has the following objectives: 1.) To record and manage the barangay records and residents’ information accurately, effectively, and securely; 2) To secure the confidential barangay records and documents; 3) To process and release requested documents faster; and 4) To save time, money, and materials in recording, managing, and releasing barangay documents.

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ABSTRACT

This study sought to assess the impact of the home environment on the performance of students in Mathematics IV within the Roxas district, with the objective of informing the development of a comprehensive learning recovery plan. The research approach employed a combination of descriptive-correlational and comparative methodologies. The study involved a sample of 132 pupils selected from ten distinct small-classified schools, utilizing proportional stratified random sampling techniques. A custom-designed research instrument underwent validation by three experts in mathematics education and rigorous reliability testing. Data analysis encompassed both descriptive and inferential statistical methods. The findings revealed a notably high influence of home environment factors across various dimensions, including Physical Conditions, Learning Opportunities, and Parental Support. In terms of academic performance, students' real-life application of mathematical concepts fell short of expectations, while their proficiency in number sequencing problems was deemed 'Satisfactory'. Furthermore, a positive correlation emerged between home environment factors and pupils' academic performance in the areas of Learning Opportunities, Parental Support, and Number Sequencing problems. These results collectively underscore the significant connection between the home environment and Mathematics IV performance. 

Keywords: Home Environment Factors, Level of Academic Performance, Learning Recovery Plan

1. INTRODUCTION

Last 2019, the World Health Organization declared the spread of ‘Covid 19’ a Pandemic. Due to its transmission speed plus severe respiratory effects, many infected people died and forced the government to implement a 'Home Lockdown' for the safety of its respective people. The situation urged the government to implement the country's 'Home Lockdown' with the virtue of Proclamation No. 922, s. 2020 known as ‘Declaring a State of Public Health Emergency.’ Consequently, the Secretary of the Department of Education (DepEd), Secretary Maria Leonor Magtolis-Briones released DepEd Memorandum No. 11, s. 2020, establishing a Task Force to coordinate the department's response to COVID-19. In the said memo, DepEd started with the Basic Education – Learning Continuity Plan (BE-LCP) to allow essential education learners to continue studying and teachers to offer instruction in a safe work and learning environment in the face of the danger of COVID-19. Because public and private schools were closed to safeguard the health of students and teachers, teaching had to be done remotely using modular and digital platforms. The DepEd Memorandum No. 32, known as Guidelines for the Engagement of Learning Support Aides in 2020, was released to reinforce the Implementation of the Basic Education Learning Continuity Plan in time of a COVID-19 pandemic.

According to Secretary Briones, BE-LCP is the DepEd’s primary response. It is committed to preserving students, teachers, and workers' health, safety, and well-being. It emphasizes that education must continue following the health regulations established by the DOH and WHO. BE-LCP crafted, printed, and distributed Self-Learning Modules (SLMs) to its learners who will be unable to engage in online/digital classes. 

When Modular Distance Learning started, the parents were teachers' partners. They serve as home facilitators and the channel but do not teach the content. The responsibility of parents in modular learning is to engage with and guide their children. Parents or guardians should oversee connecting with teachers, barangay representatives, and other stakeholders to obtain the different materials and resources needed by the learner. (Lebaste, V., 2020). 

In contrast, parents find themselves primarily responsible for teaching their children. They are obliged to take over the home-school task to maintain continuity of education. This phenomenon became an added burden while tackling work-from-home, temporary unemployment leading to the financial crisis, and the management of household chores. Many parents would not have adequate time or educational qualifications to assist their children with their teachers' assignments. This workload is likely to lead to frustration and burnout amongst caregivers and disrupt the children's academic activities, leading to stress for both parents and children. (Jena, 2020).

Moreover, since parents are at home, they cannot sustain the financial needs of their children for their studies and the environment affects their focus and attention due to other activities they need to attend to before doing the modules. (Atez, et.al, 2021). Mean-Chin (2020) added that there is an issue with the ‘sense of authority’ wherein parents become teachers but do not see and seem to be one. Unfortunately, not all parents are well equipped with proper education. 

Additionally, there are instances where students cannot grasp the content of the modules. These episodes have caused them to seek the support and assistance of their parents. There are parents who are not aligned in the learning area so they cannot provide the support and assistance that their children are looking for. This scenario is becoming a challenge for parents and students to learn lessons in modular instruction. (Canonizado, 2021)

Moreover, learning at home is different from the school setting. There are factors to be concerned about, such as physical condition, learning opportunities, and parental support. (United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), 2021). 

Meanwhile, a month before the implementation of ‘Home Lockdown,’ the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) released the assessment results held last 2018. Results showed that the Philippines ranked second to the previous in Mathematics with 353 points, far from the 489-point average for Mathematics.

This study sought to determine the following: Home environment Factors in terms of Physical conditions, Learning Opportunities, and Parental Support and academic performance in Mathematics IV in Roxas District in terms of Real-Life Situations and Number Sequencing Problems; the significant difference across the indicators of the home environment factors and academic performance in Mathematics IV in Roxas District as well as the significant relationship between. 

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Abstract.

This study aims to design a smart solar paddle wheel aerator for the Mindoro State University-Bongabong Campus fishpond to determine its effectiveness in aquaculture and fish production. The solar-powered aerator will be used to dissolve oxygen in the water. A mobile application is developed using the Internet of Things to monitor the oxygen level and control the device. The project applies the Rapid Application Development Cycle methodology for the study’s analysis, requirement specifications, testing, and implementation. In accomplishing the project, the developers used Arduino Uno and ESP32 as the microcontrollers, solar panel to harvest solar energy, 1000 watts solar converter, solar controller, and actuator as primary hardware components. Results show that E-splash can increase the pond’s oxygen level and prevent oxygen depletion, increasing ponds' productivity by 3 to 5 times over the normal production. It creates a water current in the pond, which the fish/shrimp prefer. Moreover, it maintains water quality and enhances the growth of algae. The system was tested to be functional, reliable, efficient, and maintainable based on ISO 25010 and IEEE 1500 standards.

Keywords: E-Splash, fishpond, Internet of Things, Solar-powered paddlewheel aerator

1. Introduction

The amount of oxygen dissolved in water is necessary for aquatic animal beings and is a phenomenon of water conditions. The water became contaminated due to a reduction in the dissolved oxygen levels. The general principle of wastewater treatment is to dissolve more oxygen in the water; the aerator used for supplementing oxygen levels is widely used [1].

A critical problem facing aquaculture in freshwater lakes in the Philippines is the frequent incidences of fish kill events in freshwater lakes. A complex interplay of natural factors, human activities, and environmental conditions triggers this kind of occurrence. Compounded by climate change effects, pesticide runoff, accumulation of waste products and fish food sediments, parasitic and bacterial infections, reduced photosynthesis caused by algae blooms, and diminishing oxygen levels driven by increased biological oxygen demand [2].

A paddlewheel aerator must be used to solve this problem. It is being used to increase the concentration of dissolved oxygen in the water. The use of aerator provides adequate oxygen for fish respiration, growth and overall health.  Aeration distributes oxygen throughout the water column to help fish breath more easily. Water movement and circulation within the aquaculture pond is created by paddlewheel aerators. In effect, the development of stagnant areas where oxygen depletion can occur is prevented and oxygen, nutrients and heat are distributed evenly. Laksitanonta confirmed that paddle wheel aerator is considered as the most appropriate aerator device due to aeration mechanism and wide usable driven power [3]

Prevention and treatment of water sources are extremely important, and because of this, the paddle wheel aerator is a widely used aerator device in pond farming. Paddlewheel aerators usually run day and night continuously, even if the Dissolve Oxygen (DO) level within the pond is already saturated.

The consequences of this practice would be off-gassing, wasting energy, and high electricity costs. Several types of research have been conducted to control appropriate DO levels and lessen power consumption [4]. From that concern, the solar energy harnessing system offers the advantages; it emits no pollutants into the atmosphere as they are with the combustion of fossil fuels.

Solar cells are the most common method for transforming sunlight into electrical power. It is often regarded as a promising and sustainable alternative to finite fuel systems for electricity generation. Without producing air pollutants, these cells generate electricity and helps combat climate change, improve air quality, and reduce environmental harm.  But using a standstill cell is not very efficient due to sun movement, as the cells must be perpendicularly aligned to the Sun to get maximum efficiency. Tracking the Sun by tracking system will increase the harvested energy and achieve the full power generated from solar cells [5]. Thus, as a long-term option, solar energy can be considered an alternative to all finite fuel systems.

The proponents pursue this study to aid the fishpond phenomenon which is dissolved oxygen deficiency. They also believe that this project will be a great innovation in the fish farming industry. The project will be placed in Mindoro State University’s fishpond. The proponents also added other features to the paddlewheel aerator to maximize its purpose and usage. The proponents will integrate the hardware into the Internet of Things (IoT) to monitor and control the paddlewheel aerator wherever the users are in real time. The project will have the dissolved oxygen sensor (DO) to collect the oxygen level of the fishpond. This device will be a great help not only to Mindoro State University Bongabong Campus but to those fishpond owners experiencing a problem with the level of dissolved oxygen in their fishpond.

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Abstract—This study focuses on how technology is being used as a teaching tool by instructors and how it might impact their performances and how it might result in more effective teaching and other duties. The study also aimed to investigate how technology might operate and impact teachers' efficacy in various contexts. As data is acquired, it becomes clear and implied that technology plays a significant role in helping public primary teachers function more productively, but there are also obstacles being faced that cannot be hidden from view.

Index Terms—Graduate students, online learning expectations, proficiency with technology.

I. INTRODUCTION

Technology is the idea and trend that allows for open, collaborative learning while also facilitating access to resources and information. Technology is a gift from God, and policies should incorporate educational, social, and technological elements to provide certain essential benefits like flexibility, openness, and access to a modern learning environment, one of the resources used in the learning process.

Traditional teaching methods still predominate in many schools because computers are still not commonly employed there. The frontal mode of work, in which the teacher had sufficient connection with students, predominates. One of the limitations of this method of learning was that pupils weren't active enough and couldn't develop at their own pace (Osuji, 2019).

This study intends to determine the additional effects of using technology as a teaching tool by seasoned instructors who are unfamiliar with the platform. This would be a fantastic opportunity to concentrate on enhancing and improving the problems that the sector of education is currently facing.

In addition, the connectivism hypothesis advises using online discussions for learning. In the communication model, the theory incorporates the concept of networks and communities made up of people who want to share ideas on a shared learning issue. Learners contribute to the creation of knowledge through social networks and other types of online communication.

II.  LITERATURE REVIEW

A.   Challenges and Issues

The teaching and learning process using the selected medium is greatly influenced by the teacher's role in the new normal. Compared to the standard classroom setting, the role is enlarged. The teachers must always be accessible in the new normal, even though they are working from home. Students in COVID-19 are struggling to complete online assignments without their professors' help. According to SJ express (2020), it is upsetting when a teacher doesn't reply to an email as soon as you'd like them to or when pupils don't comprehend an assignment because their educator isn't available to demonstrate it.

B. Teachers` Performance

A. The power of an effective teacher has been recognized for years. The teacher in the classroom has the greatest influence on student learning and achievement. The proposed versions of the reauthorization change teacher qualification from highly qualified to highly effective. The definition of highly effective teaching requires teachers to be evaluated, at least in part, based on student growth in achievement (Hoge, 2016).

B. Research Design

Since the main purpose of this research was to investigate if there was significant relationship between two variables specifically between challenges & issues on adapting the technology as an instrument in education and teachers' performance.

C. Respondents of the Study

  At regular intervals, researchers selected a sample of a population using the random sampling method. It needed choosing a sample size and starting point that could be repeated on a regular basis. This sort of sampling strategy is the least time-consuming because it uses a specified range.

  This study sought to determine how experienced instructors' use of technology as a tool affected the problems and difficulties they encountered. The respondents' preferred research location was Mauban South District in the Quezon Division. One hundred (100) public school teachers who were assigned to teach at the elementary level and were in the age range of 21 to 65 were the study's target respondents.

D. Instrumentation and Data Collection

The detailed procedures that the researchers will follow in her research investigation are presented in this part. This section of the paper was divided into the initial process and post process components. Utilizing system testing, the researcher acquired all the essential data and recorded it on an experiment paper. The researcher coordinated with the organizations and concerned parties who had responsibilities in the aforementioned interview. The study's respondents were 100 public school instructors in the Mauban South District. The responders, who are assigned to teach at the primary level, range in age from 21 to 65.

E. Data Analysis

The study will make use of both descriptive and inferential statistics. It will involve data analysis, which will aid in providing a meaningful description, illustration, or summary of the information the researcher has obtained. Since these data sets did not deviate from the assumption of normality, the Pearson-Product Moment Correlation was the most appropriate to use in order to identify the significant relationship between technological proficiency and expectations for online learning.

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A research was done at Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology as a fulfillment to the requirement of Master of Arts in teaching major in Vocational and Technological Education. This is used to improvised a device which aims to help on performing hygiene and sanitation in food and beverage handling.

The study entitled “Development and Assessment of the Improvised Solar-powered Sterilizer” utilized the developmental research design that involves the product-development wherein the product developed was analyzed, described, and evaluated.

The improvised solar-powered sterilizer is anchored to the Hannafin and Peck Model which undergone through three (3) phases namely : 1.) needs assess; 2.)Design; 3.) Develop/implement. The Hannafin and Peck design model served as the guiding map on the development of improvised solar-powered sterilizer and its implementation with the participation of FBS teachers, FBS students, kitchen staff, electronic experts and radiologist.

A careful analysis of Food and Beverage Services curriculum guide was made by the researcher and the performance standard under the code TLE_HEFBS9-12AS-Ic-d-2, perform hygiene and sanitation in food and beverage handling rooted the development of improvised solar-powered sterilizer.

The design of ISPS was made collaboratively with the research advisers and experts. The blueprint, materials and equipment, cost and benefit analysis, gantt chart and UV lights used were all agreed upon.

The power rating, charging capacity, current rating and voltage capacity of the device were all rated as “very evident” by the electronic experts. The functional suitability is “very functional”, performance efficiency is “very efficient”, portability is “very portable”, reliability is “very reliable”, maintainability is “very maintainable”, usability is “very usable”, these ratings were from the assessment made by the FBS teachers, FBS students, and kitchen staff. The product safety was received a rating of “very safe” from a radiologist.

Therefore, the results of the study confirmed that the technical specifications of the ISPS are very evident. This can also be mean that the prototype has recommendable features of a solar device. Thus, it has a very evident potential of possible recommendation for instructional and commercial use. Furthermore, it also implies that ISPS is safe to use and has an acceptable features on performing its purpose. 

Abstract

The goal of the study is to assess the perception of the community on the impact of tourism in the Municipality of Puerto Galera and to propose a Tourism Program in the area. This research was conceptualized in order for the local community to be informed of the impacts of tourism development. This study used the descriptive research design and respondents were the local residents who lived in Sabang or White Beach for a minimum of ten years. A self-made questionnaire was used as the basic tool of investigation. Results revealed that respondents strongly agreed that tourism has led to an increase in prices of goods and services and disagreed that money spent by tourists was used for the development of the area. They also agreed that the crime rate has increased due to tourism and disagreed that the local residents were involved in tourism planning and development. Likewise, respondents agreed that the natural environment is destroyed because of the construction of hotels and tourism facilities, and disagreed that the area is kept clean because of tourism. Based on the result, the researcher proposed a Tourism Program for the municipality of Puerto Galera.

Keywords: tourism, impact, environment, community, economic

INTRODUCTION

         With its white sand beaches, blue oceans, coral reefs, quiet rivers, undiscovered waterfalls, and towering mountains draped in lush vegetation, Oriental Mindoro conjures pictures of a tropical paradise. The province's vast, largely untapped natural characteristics make it a great place for investment and tourism. Mountain climbing, trekking, hiking, camping, game fishing, adventure trips to natural caverns, island hopping, scuba diving, snorkeling, and many other exciting sports are among the fascinating recreational pursuits.

         Since there is regular transit by land and by water, the province is relatively accessible to tourists and other visitors. It consists of fourteen communities, each of which offers special goods, services, and attractions. One is the Municipality of Puerto Galera, a well-known tourist attraction in the province's northern region. The researcher's selection of the municipality as the study's setting was influenced by the municipality's potential and leadership in the hospitality and tourism industries.

         For individuals regarded as nature lovers, the municipality offers outdoor adventures. Additionally, it offers catering, entertainment, shopping, lodging, food and beverage delivery, and other services. Sabang Beach and White Beach are two well-known beaches in Puerto Galera, both of which offer a vibrant nightlife with lots of bars and eateries. Both beaches provide a wide range of lodging options and scenic attractions.

While White Beach continues to be a favorite among local tourists, Sabang Beach is the main attraction for foreign visitors. In order to promote the Municipality of Puerto Galera, the Local Government Unit worked hand in hand with the assistance of the Municipal Tourism Office. This could cause a steady increase in the number of tourists visiting the area, which could have an unnecessary influence on tourism in general and on locals in particular.

         As stated in the Coccosis and Mexa study from 2017, policymakers in the tourism sector context frequently concentrate on promoting tourism by establishing the prerequisites for tourism growth, with the result that tourism frequently has a significant impact on the environment, as well as social, cultural, and economic dynamics.

Several studies conducted in recent years have looked at how host populations perceive the effects of tourism. The World Travel and Tourism Council (2012) notes that tourism may boost the GDP, employment, and tourist exports, and bring in more international and domestic investment, among other economic benefits. Additionally, tourism is regarded as a component that raises living standards since it can attract investments and send money abroad, which generates more benefits than costs (Brida et al., 2011).

However, when prices rise for goods, services, real estate, and many other things, tourism also has a negative economic impact on the destinations. A stronger demand from tourists will have a substantial impact on an increase in the pricing and fees of tourism products and services offered in tourist locations (Brida, et al., 2011). As a result, tourism development affects both profits and costs to the local economy.

On the other hand, Puerto Galera is manifested in its natural scenic beauty which allows the increased visit of local and foreign tourists. This will surely raise environmental impact in the area.

Additionally, tourism can harm the ecosystem. Air, water, solid waste, noise, and visual pollution are produced by visitors. Attractions reliant on natural resources may be endangered by negligent or excessive exploitation. Offering tourism services may change how the terrain looks. When valuable plants and animals are gathered for sale, the loss or annihilation of flora and fauna may result. Landscapes, historic sites, and monuments can all suffer from unchecked tourism or misuse (Kreag, 2001). Waste disposal is a major issue because of the dense populations of tourist destinations and alluring natural features. Solid trash and littering have the potential to harm marine life as well as the physical state of the ocean and shoreline (Mensah, 2017). Community members and future generations will not have a chance to preserve the ecosystem if these behaviors are not monitored and managed.

If these behaviors are not watched after and reined in, neither the community nor the next generation will have a chance to preserve the ecosystem. Regarding the municipality of Puerto Galera, the development of lodging, recreational, and other amenities may result in an increase in sewage pollution, which could contaminate the area's lakes and oceans near tourist destinations and harm the flora and wildlife.

         Tourism's effects on the sociocultural characteristics of the region can either benefit or harm local communities. Both individuals and the community at large might make an effort to appease visitors or emulate their habits. Interaction between locals and visitors can have a good or negative impact on artistic expression by opening up new opportunities or by strangling individuality with new limitations. A society may adopt a different moral code as a result of more tourism, such as a better understanding between the sexes or an increase in illicit drug usage. Facilities for safety and health, as well as staffing levels, typically rise along with safety issues like an increase in crime and accidents. Tourist interests may rejuvenate and revive traditional ceremonies, or they may become obsolete in favor of substitute activities. (Glenn Kreag, 2001)

         Every member of society will suffer as a result of anything that is not used and managed correctly. This effect happens when the amount of visitor use exceeds the environment's capacity to handle this use within the boundaries of change that is acceptable. Unrestrained tourism potentially threatens the host community, to put it mildly.  In fact, the researcher feels compelled to do

In order for the locals to be aware of the benefits and drawbacks of the growth of tourism in the area, the study was conducted to find out how the community saw the influence of tourism in Puerto Galera.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

         The research aim is to assess the perception of the community on the impact of tourism in the Municipality of Puerto Galera and to propose a Tourism Program for the area. Specifically, it aims to know the demographic profile of the respondents, the impact of tourism in Puerto Galera as perceived by the respondents, and the Tourism Program that may be proposed in the area.

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Story no. 1

The Return of Goodness: The Story of the Frog and the Fish

In ancient times, in a distant forest, there was a frog named Pilo and a fish called Isko. They were friends, but they had unpleasant behaviors. Pilo was always picking fights and teasing other animals, while Isko was constantly boasting and arrogant.

One day, as they were walking through the forest, they saw an old man offering help to a poor buffalo stuck in the mud. Instead of assisting, Pilo laughed and made fun of the buffalo. "Haha! Look at this buffalo, acting all high and mighty! Come on, keep swimming!" Pilo said while laughing.

Isko, on the other hand, bragged, "Yeah, look at me, I'm a frog, but I don't get stuck in the mud like that! I reside in the deep sea!" Isko said arrogantly.

The old man heard this and realized the friends' bad manners. So, he used his powers to curse them. "Because of your wicked behaviors, you shall become like your attitudes. Pilo, you shall become a frog constantly startled and feared. Isko, you shall become a fish unable to swim in the deep sea."

At first, Pilo and Isko were deeply saddened. But as days passed, they experienced the difficulties of their new forms. Pilo, once a troublemaker, became afraid of any noise and almost seemed not to be a frog anymore. Isko, who used to be boastful, learned the value of being true to oneself and others.

After they grew tired of switching between their forms, they started to change. Despite their weaknesses, Pilo helped various animals in need and became a good friend and defender of the oppressed. Isko, even though he couldn't swim, learned to be observant and empathetic.

One day, the old man noticed the changes in their behaviors. Due to their newfound goodness, he lifted the curse he had placed on them. Pilo and Isko returned to their original forms.

The two friends were joyful in their return to their previous selves. Although they were no longer the same kind of creature, their friendship remained intact. They became a positive example for all the animals in the forest, proving that change and good behavior are essential in having true friends and spreading happiness in life.

Story no. 2

Flowering of Change: The Story of the Woman and the Thorns

In ancient times, there was a beautiful young woman known throughout the kingdom for her beauty, but not for her character. She possessed a cruel and scornful tongue. She always mocked people and showed no kindness even to the innocent creatures. Despite her physical beauty, no one in the kingdom liked her because of her attitude.

One day, while walking in the forest, she came across an old woman who seemed to be in great distress. The old woman asked for a little help, but instead of assisting, the young woman insulted her. She hurt the old woman's feelings and left her without any compassion. The old woman felt deeply saddened and worried.

Unbeknownst to her, the old woman had magical powers. She used her powers to teach the young woman a lesson in the hope of changing her ways. The next morning, the young woman woke up with thorns all over her body. Every time someone approached her, the thorns would hurt them. One by one, her friends disappeared, and people started avoiding her.

Amidst her suffering, she began to realize that the thorns might be her just punishment for her wicked behavior. She accepted her plight and vowed to change her ways. She promised to make amends for her past mistakes.

Little did she know, there was a young man who was deeply moved by her suffering. He was not afraid of the thorns and gently touched her hands. He vowed to be loyal to her and not to leave her side. With the touch of his hands, the thorns slowly disappeared, and the young woman returned to her original form.

The two of them became friends, and as time went by, they created a joyful garden filled with colorful roses. The woman became a better person, more polite, and completely transformed. She learned that the beauty of the heart is more valuable than physical appearance. The roses in the garden became a symbol of her change and newfound hope.

Story no. 3

The Reward of Care: The Tale of the Transformed Child"

In a distant village, there lived a young child named Tomas. Tomas was a good child, always wearing a smile on his lips. You couldn't find him without a smile adorning his face. Even in the saddest of times, Tomas brought light to his surroundings.

His kindness became well-known throughout the village. With his hands, tasks became easier. He helped fellow children with their schoolwork, and he had time for conversations with the elderly, bringing joy to their hearts. The happiness Tomas radiated fostered unity in their community.

One day, while Tomas was walking by the riverbank, he noticed an old woman standing alone as if waiting for something. Tomas observed that the old woman had a mysterious aura. Despite this, he approached her with a gentle smile.

"Good day, Ma'am," Tomas greeted.

"Good day, my child," the old woman replied. "I have a special gift for you due to your kindness."

Tomas paused and was surprised by the old woman's words. Yet, he had no thought of requesting anything in return. Instead, he thanked her and continued to exhibit his kindness through his actions.

The old woman chuckled softly. "Child, because of your pure kindness, I shall grant you a wish. Whatever it may be, I shall grant it wholeheartedly."

After a moment's contemplation, Tomas spoke. However, his thoughts only revolved around the peace and happiness of everyone in the village. "Ma'am," he said, "I don't wish for anything for myself. Instead, I wish for everyone in our village to be happy."

The old woman smiled, her eyes glowing with an otherworldly light. "If that's the case, you shall have the power to make it happen," she said, and in an instant, the old woman disappeared.

From then on, the village became happier. People cooperated and loved one another. However, an unexpected opportunity arose for Tomas to make a wish. Deep within his heart, he felt a strong desire for wealth.

The old woman appeared again, and this time, her face held a mix of sadness. "Child," she said, "I'm saddened to see you like this. Your wish has brought not only sorrow to you but also to others."

Tears welled up in Tomas' eyes. "Ma'am, please forgive me. I became greedy for money, and because of this, I lost everything that truly mattered to me."

Tomas was deeply remorseful and truly sorry. In an instant, the old woman held his hands, and he gradually transformed into a stone. The stone symbolized his intense regret and newfound hope.

When Tomas woke up as a stone, he felt the weight of his remorse. He felt the weight of his actions and the value of his relationships with others. Over time, he learned to be more discerning and loving in all things.

Eventually, another chance arrived for Tomas. A young girl came across the peculiar stone in the forest. She held it in her hand and felt an intense desire. Filled with love and goodness, she kissed the stone.

In a flash, everything changed. Tomas returned to his original form, and with his return, he became a better person. Tomas transformed his life once again, bringing happiness back to their village. He planted gardens, built schools, and promoted unity and kindness in their community.

At the end of the story, Tomas learned that true happiness cannot be found in wealth or power. It's experienced through love, kindness, and caring for one another.

           ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

Millions of children around the world are affected by earthquakes each year. Many disaster readiness plans are proven to be ineffective when it comes to the disaster preparedness of children. Approaches which are more appropriate should be prioritized and studied to create effective plans. Also, a suitable solution for the problem that can be utilized in distance learning modalities is much needed. In this research, a virtual and interactive approach to conducting an earthquake drill was tested for Kindergarten leaners. The objective of this intervention is to increase the knowledge of the learners regarding earthquake preparedness.

METHODOLOGY

This action research is experimental with a pretest-posttest design. The participants were 40 learners from 2 Kindergarten Online Distance Learning (ODL) classes of Tayuman Elementary School in Binangonan, Rizal. Simple random sampling was used in the selection of learners; 20 were selected from Section A and another 20 from Section B. A section was given the intervention (experimental) and the other wasn’t given the intervention (control). The intervention provided a virtual and interactive approach to conducting an earthquake drill with an objective to increase the learners’ knowledge on disaster preparedness.  Both groups were given pretest and posttest in multiple-choice form (10 items). Independent Samples t-Test was used in determining the difference in the scores between groups; Paired Samples t-Test was used in determining the improvement in the test scores.

MAJOR FINDINGS/RESULTS

The result of the pretest indicated that there was no significant difference between the 2 groups or in other terms, they were homogenous. In the posttest result, significant difference between the mentioned groups were recorded. In determining the effect of the intervention, a statistical improvement of test scores was recorded for the experimental group. However, there was no improvement in the test scores for the group that was not given the intervention.

CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATIONS, IMPLICATIONS

The research showed that the intervention improved the knowledge regarding earthquake preparedness of the learners. The material can serve as a contribution to schools’ disaster preparedness plans that can help small children in times of earthquakes.

Keywords: disaster, earthquake, DRRM, preparedness, kindergarten

        ABSTRACT

The Sales and Inventory System is a computer-aided tool designed as an information system (IS) to enhance business operations, specifically catering the sales and inventory processes of Bansud Livestock Multipurpose Cooperative (BLMC) in Oriental Mindoro. BLMC, a well-established cooperative in the region, offers a diverse range of products to its customers. The development of this system followed the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC), encompassing various phases tailored for creating an effective information system. The system performance was evaluated using the ISO 9126 criteria, which includes functionality, reliability, usability, efficiency, and maintainability. The evaluation results were highly positive, with respondents strongly agreeing that the system met its requirements based on the specified evaluation criteria. Sales and Inventory System developed for BLMC represents a significant advancement in streamlining and optimizing their business operations. Its successful implementation, adherence to SDLC principles, and positive evaluation against ISO 9126 criteria make it a valuable tool for BLMC's continued success in serving its customers and managing its inventory effectively.

Keywords: Information System, Sales and Inventory System, SDLC, ISO 9126, evaluation criteria, streamlining

1.     INTRODUCTION

Businesses are important sector of economic growth that indicate the progress of a country. Cooperative is a type of business that is common and can easily established in the country. This type of business is own and manage by collective number of investors or members that share equal rights to the business. With this kind of business everyone should be actively participated and involve in the growth of the business. The capabilities of the business to competitively arise in the global industry is significant aspect that business owner should consider. Entrepreneurs and business minded person came-up to an idea of emerging technology with their business for today’s global strategic competencies, to strengthen and to improve business operations.

Plenty of machines utilized in the business sectors that help to accelerate business production that result to increase of profit. Aside from machineries, Information System (IS) was developed and implemented for the same purpose. IS is a technology that can substitute a traditional and manual way of different process to something convenient and operational.

Business owners are primary concern with their products, for the sales and accurate inventory of every product that they have in business operations. Sales and Inventory was related and directly proportional to each other. Demand and purchase of products are constantly affect the sales records same with the tally of inventory. [1] Inventory measures the business productivity, sustaining the business based from the movement on the sales of products. Effective inventory management is critical to retailing success. [2] Because, inventory inaccuracy is a main issue in business dealing with physical assets. [3] With the aim of limiting or eliminating inventory inaccuracy, business establishments provide and utilize sales and inventory to create good and effective sales and inventory management and to substitute the manual way of recording transactions.

Sales and Inventory System is a computer-aided tool in a form of information system intended for businesses. A good sales and inventory system can provide an easy and accurate data processing. Keeping and tracking of sales records would be easy too, using the information system. Ensuring the correct reports and records of business is the main benefit of the sales and inventory system. Manufactures and trade resellers can both benefit from a thorough solution, where single transaction records necessary details on the customers, products purchased, price and date while updating inventory levels. [4]

Bansud Livestock Multi-purpose Cooperative (BLMC) is an established in the province of Oriental Mindoro, Philippines, known for their several processed meat products such as: longanisa, pork tocino,pork footlong, skinless longanisa, giniling, supreme and premium hotdog, bacon and fresh meats, well-known in  the name “Mindoro’s Pride”. They also wholesale and retails hog products from booster, pre-starter, starter, grower, finisher, brood saws up to lactating feeds. BLMC is a stable business but still struggling in the business recording, for sales and inventory of products. They manually write down the records of every transaction in their logbook and their business reports are based from the information written in the logbook. Even a single amount of transaction must be recorded for the accurate tally of the inventory of products. As we all know, movement in sales affects the inventory of products, and it is manually and carefully observe in the warehouse. Checking and recording of such business transactions create many paper works, definitely consumes lots of time and relatively confusing at some point in the overall data processing.

With the presented problem the researchers formulates an idea of developing an information system that entitled Sales and Inventory System for Bansud Livestock Multi-purpose Cooperative (BLMC). An information system that can provides a possible solution to substitutes the traditional way of sales and inventory related process in BLMC. This information system offers technological approach for the BLMC that is easily accessible and convenient for the end-users. The researchers believe that, this study will be helpful for the management of the cooperative wherein they can effortlessly updated the sales and inventory of products in their business operations. The system can provide accurate data monitoring, recording and reporting for the cooperative. This information system provides help to lessen paper works the same with the time it consumes in checking every transaction.

Purpose and Description

Sales and Inventory System was been designed and developed intended for Bansud Livestock Multipurpose Cooperative (BLMC), a technological solution to substitute the manual operation of the business.

The system provides specific interface for the two different system role: administrator and sales representative. The system administrator allowed for the following tasks: managing the inputs about the products, monitoring and entering of purchased products from the suppliers, administering the distribution of stock to wholesale and retail and monitoring the product inventory. Additionally, within the admin interface, the user can view the records of the customer transactions and creating, enabling and disabling of accounts are included. Furthermore, sales representative can accessed the interface for related to customer services. The concern of sales representative in the system is all about the sales/outgoing products from the BLMC. On the other hand, sales representative is able to view different available products of the business and can distribute a product from wholesale to retail.

This study presents an alternative that can handle different operation in the transactions of the business. Likewise, the system offers the easiest way for the management of the business to check and generate reports related to sales of products based from daily, weekly, monthly or yearly business transactions.

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        ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

This action research aimed to determine the effects of digital graphic organizers for grade four pupils in Araling Panlipunan. The approach was designed to improve the quality of the teaching-learning process focused on the stated subject area. Also, the study emphasized the importance of educational technology in attaining the stated goals of the researchers.

METHODOLOGY

This study is experimental in nature which utilized a pretest-posttest design to measure and assess the effect of the intervention to the performance of the participants. The intervention provided by the researchers promoted the use of digital graphic organizers as instructional materials in teaching Araling Panlipunan. The participants were 40 pupils selected from a grade four section in Tayuman Elementary School, Binangonan, Rizal. Paired Samples t-Test was used in determining the improvement or difference of the pupils’ test scores before and after the intervention.

MAJOR FINDINGS/RESULTS

Based on the results, an improvement of test scores recorded when comparing the pretest and posttest of the grade four pupils who participated in the study. In other terms, there was a significant difference in the performance of the pupils before and after the utilization of digital graphic organizers in teaching Araling Panlipunan.

CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATIONS, IMPLICATIONS

The researchers concluded that the intervention improved the performance of the grade four pupils in Araling Panlipunan. The use of digital graphic organizers can be helpful and effective as instructional materials in the classroom teaching-learning process.

Keywords: digital, graphic organizers, grade four, Araling Panlipunan

        Abstract

The Department of Education's decentralization efforts through School-Based Management (SBM) and the Enhanced School Improvement Plan (ESIP) aim to empower schools to make localized decisions and enhance the quality of education. The ESIP, based on a comprehensive analysis of access, quality, and governance factors, represents a strategic approach to achieving these goals. Thus, this research examines the extent of the implementation of School Improvement Plan (SIP) in 12 public elementary and 5 secondary schools in Morong Sub-Office during the school years 2020-2023. Specifically, this research focuses on the analysis of access, quality, and governance of the school through SIP. Interview questions on the best practices and challenges encountered on the implementation of SIP were also employed. Mixed-method research approach, combining quantitative and qualitative research paradigms, using descriptive-documentary analysis was used.

The findings from this study exhibit significant variations among schools, including noteworthy increases in enrollment, emphasizing the dynamic nature of student populations and the necessity for adaptive planning and resource allocation.

Furthermore, some schools, such as Bombongan, Maybancal, Timoteo, and Yapak, have consistently achieved a 0% dropout rate, suggesting highly successful SIP strategies, others have experienced fluctuations, underscoring the importance of ongoing monitoring and targeted interventions to maintain low dropout rates.

The SIP's impact on promotion rates in elementary schools is particularly noteworthy, with the majority consistently achieving "Very Much Implemented" (VMI) ratings, indicating successful student advancement and quality education maintenance.

Academic performance, as indicated by subject mastery, shows commendable progress in elementary schools, with notable exceptions such as Roman Tantiongco Memorial Elementary School, which has "Mastered" multiple subjects. Secondary schools exhibit satisfactory performance with opportunities for improvement, highlighting the potential for schools to excel in specific areas.

In terms of governance and SIP implementation, most schools display maturing practices, with several institutions achieving advanced levels.

Additionally, learner-teacher and learner-classroom ratios demonstrate efficient resource management in most schools, ensuring optimal learning environments. However, some secondary schools may require additional resources to maintain ideal ratios, indicating a need for resource adjustments.

The study further emphasizes project implementation best practices, including collaboration, data-driven decision-making, regular monitoring and evaluation, stakeholder involvement, and clear goal setting, as essential components for successful project outcomes.

Resource limitations, such as time constraints and inadequate facilities, pose challenges to sustaining school projects. To enhance SIP initiatives, the study recommends intensified stakeholder engagement, data refinement, effective time management, and cooperative efforts among stakeholders.

Keywords: School Improvement Plan, Education, Access, Quality, Governance

Isang makulimlim na panahon ang bumungad sa magkaibigang Marites at Tolits nang sila’y papauwi galling sa paaralan, at di kinalaunan, bumuhos ang malakas na ulan. Nagpasya ang magkaibigan na agad na sumilong ang magkaibigan sa isang kubo malapit sa kanilang paaralan.

“Grabe ang lakas ng ulan” wika ni Marites.

“Siyang tunay, buti na lang ang ating bayan (Antipolo) ay may kataasan kaya hindi tayo binabaha kahit malakas na ang ulan” tugon ni Tolits.

“Oo nga,medyo mataas din ang ating lugar kumpara sa ibang lungsod,  at marahil dahil maraming puno rin sa ating lugar kaya hindi tayo nakakaranas ng matinding pagbaha, buti nalang at marami tayong mga puno sa ating lungsod”. paliwanag ni Marites.

“At dahil nabanggit mo na rin ang mga puno, alam mo ba na ang ating lungsod na Antipolo ay ipinangalan mula isang punong kahoy? tanong ni Tolits.

“Talaga ba?” sambit ni Marites.

“Oo, sabi ng lolo ko, ang Antipolo ay nagmula sa isang punong kahoy na tumutubo sa halos lahat ng panig ng lugar sa Antipolo apat na raang taon na ang nakakalipas. Nagsilbi itong pahingahan rin ng ibang hayop gaya ng mga ibon at insekto. Sa ibang lugar, ang murang bunga nito ay nagsisilbing pang sahog sa mga lutuin, ginagamit din ang mga tuyong dahon nito sa paggawa ng tsaa.” wika ni Tolits.

“Nakakamangha naman pala ang tipulo, subalit bakit parang wala na tayong nakikitang mga tipulo sa ating paligid?” tanong ni Marites.

“Iyan din ang nagging tanong ko sa aking lolo, nakwento niya ito sa akin at sinabi niya na iilan na lamang ang mga tipulo sa ating lungsod siguro dahil na rin sa pagbabago ng panahon at mga istrukturang naitayo sa ating lungsod.” sabi ni Tolits.

“Naiisip mo ba ang naiisip ko Tolits?” sabik na pananalita ni Marites.

“Ano naman iyon, Marites?” pagtatakang tugon ni Tolits.

“Ano kaya kung magtanim tayo ng tipulo? Hindi ba’t nakakatuwang isipin na matutulungan natin ang ating bayan at kapaligiran sa ating pagtatanim? May kakilala akong makakatulong sa atin, si Tiyo Bitoy, marami siyang tanim na halaman at punong kahoy sa kanyang hacienda”, pahayag ni Marites

“Magandang ideya ‘yan, Marites. Tamang-tama at tumila na ang ulan. Uuwi muna ako sa amin at magpapaalam sa aking nanay upang sumama sa iyo papunta kila Tiyo Bitoy.” sambit ni Tolits.

“Sige, ako rin. Magkita na lang tayo sa tapat ng tindahan ni Aling Trining, mamayang alas-tres ng hapon. Paalam, Tolits!” wika ni Marites

Sinopsis

Ang magkaibigang sina Marotes ay Tolits ay pauwi mula sa kanilang paaralan nang biglang bumuhos ang malaks na ulan. Sa kanilang pagsilong, kanilang napagkwentuhan ang tungkol sa punongkahoy na tipulo at kung paano ito biglang naglaho base sa kwento ng lolo ni Tolits, ang tipulo ang siyang pinagmulan ng ngalan ng Antipolo. Ano kaya ang gagawin ng magkaibigan matapos malaman na ang tipulo ay unti-unti nang naglalaho?

Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND   ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction 

As stipulated in the Governance of Basic Education  (Republic Act No. 9155) a school must be under the management of a school head who is strongly  qualified to  achieve  higher learning outcomes.  It also declares  that aside from management, a school head has other roles  that include leadership,  teacher evaluation and carrying out  discipline. 

In managing the school system,  a school head is charged with administrative and  instructional leadership.  As an administrative leader, the school head must focus  on  accountability, bureaucracy management,  and implementing  rules,  procedural regulations and administrative duties and responsibilities.. 

Background of the Study     

         In their phenomenological study,       Ancho  & Villadiego (2022), explored the ethical leadership practices of four outstanding school heads. The awardees ,demonstrated common  ethical leadership practices in the pillar of model integrity through modeling respect,  observing honesty in their dealings,  dedication to their profession,  enthusiasm in delivering services and performing excellently on the context of nurturing,  encouraging, environment.

Conceptual Framework                                                                                                                    This study is founded on the 4 V model of ethical leadership that helps align the internal beliefs and values with the external behaviors and actions for the purpose of the common good.  The four V’s stand for Values, Vision, Voice and Virtues, The characteristics that help create a strong ethical leader are Values Vision is about the leader’s ability to implement his actions in such a way that they lead to a certain goal.

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In our increasingly digital and interconnected world, the ability to navigate and utilize technology effectively has become a crucial skill set. This essay explores the importance of teaching digital literacy and its role in empowering individuals to thrive in the digital age. It highlights the need to equip learners with the knowledge and skills necessary to critically engage with technology, navigate the digital landscape safely, and harness its potential for personal and professional growth.

Digital literacy encompasses a range of competencies required to effectively and responsibly engage with digital technologies. It involves not just the technical skills to use devices and software but also the abilities to critically evaluate information, navigate online spaces, protect privacy and security, and communicate and collaborate

Teaching digital literacy empowers individuals to leverage the vast resources available online to enhance their learning and broaden their horizons. It cultivates a sense of agency and independence, enabling them to adapt to new technologies, solve problems efficiently, and access information in a rapidly evolving digital world.

Digital literacy equips learners with the skills to effectively communicate, collaborate, and connect with others in online platforms. It encourages the development of strong digital citizenship, emphasizing respectful and responsible online behavior. With the abundance of information available online, digital literacy enables individuals to critically evaluate sources, discern fact from fiction, and make informed decisions. It fosters skills such as information literacy, media literacy, and digital citizenship, allowing learners to navigate the digital landscape with confidence and discernment.

Teaching digital literacy equips individuals with the knowledge and skills to protect themselves from online risks such as cyberbullying, scams, and identity theft. It promotes digital resilience, empowering learners to navigate online challenges safely and ethically.

In today's digital job market, digital literacy is essential for employability and professional growth. Teaching digital skills enhances individuals' employment prospects, enabling them to adapt to the ever-evolving technology landscape and contribute meaningfully to the digital economy.

Digital literacy should be integrated into various subjects, ensuring that learners have opportunities to develop and apply digital skills across disciplines. This includes incorporating technology projects, interactive assignments, and digital research into regular classroom activities. Promote hands-on and experiential learning opportunities that encourage exploration and experimentation with digital tools. Providing opportunities for students to collaborate, create digital content, and solve problems will enhance their digital literacy skills.

Teachers should receive ongoing professional development to stay updated on digital tools, resources, and best practices for teaching digital literacy. This will enable them to effectively guide and support students in their digital learning journey. Teach students about responsible online behavior, including ethical use of digital tools, respecting privacy, and being mindful of the impact of their digital presence. Promote discussions around digital rights, responsibilities, and the consequences of online actions.

Teaching digital literacy is crucial in empowering learners to thrive in our digital age. By equipping individuals with the knowledge and skills to navigate technology effectively, critically evaluate information, protect themselves online, and harness the potential of digital tools, we enable them to participate confidently and responsibly in an increasingly digital world. Integrating digital literacy into education ensures that individuals are prepared for the challenges and opportunities of the digital era, equipping them with essential skills for personal and professional success.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on the education system worldwide, disrupting traditional schooling and creating unique challenges for learners and educators alike. One of the key concerns arising from this disruption is the concept of learning loss, which refers to the loss of educational progress and academic skills due to the prolonged school closures and remote learning modalities. This essay explores the implications of learning loss during the pandemic on learners' current academic performance and discusses potential strategies to address these challenges.

The sudden shift to remote learning without adequate time for preparation and adjustment has resulted in significant disruptions to the educational process. Learners have faced various obstacles, including limited access to technology and resources, reduced interaction with teachers and peers, and difficulty in staying motivated and engaged. As a result, many students have experienced a decline in their academic performance and a regression in essential skills and knowledge.

Learning loss during the pandemic has had several negative implications for learners' current academic performance. Firstly, the interruption in regular classroom instruction has led to gaps in knowledge and incomplete mastery of concepts. This can hinder students' ability to progress to higher grade-level content and affect their overall academic achievement.

The lack of face-to-face interaction and reduced opportunities for discussion and collaboration have impacted students' social and emotional development. The absence of peer-to-peer learning and the supportive classroom environment can lead to feelings of isolation, decreased motivation, and a decline in overall well-being, all of which can further affect academic performance.

The digital divide has exacerbated societal inequalities, with marginalized students disproportionately affected by limited access to technology and the internet. This disparity has widened the achievement gap and posed significant challenges for learners from disadvantaged backgrounds.

To mitigate the implications of learning loss during the pandemic and support learners' current academic performance, several strategies need to be considered. Firstly, schools and educators should focus on identifying and addressing individual learning needs through targeted interventions and personalized support. Diagnostic assessments can help identify specific areas where students require additional instruction.

The implementation of innovative teaching methods, such as blended learning models, can provide a more flexible and adaptable approach to education. Combining online and in-person instruction can foster engagement, enhance collaboration, and cater to varying learning styles.

Furthermore, a strong emphasis should be placed on mental health and well-being support, including counseling services and socio-emotional learning programs. Creating a positive and supportive learning environment is crucial for students to thrive academically.

The learning loss experienced during the pandemic has had significant implications for learners' current academic performance. It has highlighted the need for targeted interventions to address individual learning needs, innovative teaching approaches, and support for mental health and well-being. As the education system adapts to the challenges brought about by the pandemic, it is crucial to prioritize the recovery of lost learning and provide the necessary resources and support to ensure that every student can succeed academically and holistically. Only through a collaborative and comprehensive effort can we help learners overcome the challenges they have faced and enable them to reach their full potential.

The essence of values in education lies in instilling a sense of character, ethics, and moral principles in learners. Values provide a foundation for personal growth, social development, and responsible citizenship. Values act as guiding principles that shape the behavior and decision-making of individuals within the organization. In the Department of Education, values help establish a common understanding of what is important and how to prioritize efforts in providing quality education to students.

Values-based education promotes a strong moral compass, guiding students to make ethical decisions and act responsibly. It focuses on developing virtues such as honesty, integrity, empathy, and respect for others. It aims to cultivate the holistic development of individuals, supporting their emotional, social, and cognitive growth. It fosters self-awareness, self-esteem, and self-discipline, helping students develop a sense of purpose and identity.

Education in values places an emphasis on fostering a sense of social responsibility and empathy towards others. It encourages students to understand and respect cultural diversity, promote equality, and actively contribute to their communities. It helps shape students' character by fostering virtues such as perseverance, resilience, fairness, and compassion. It prepares them to face challenges, make ethical choices, and contribute positively to society.

Values-centered education encourages the building of positive relationships within school communities. It promotes communication, cooperation, and empathy, creating a nurturing and inclusive environment for students to thrive. Values education supports the development of critical thinking and moral reasoning skills. Students learn to analyze ethical dilemmas, consider different perspectives, and make informed decisions based on ethical principles. Values-based education extends beyond academic knowledge to focus on the holistic development of students. It cultivates a love for learning, curiosity, and a desire for personal growth, which extends throughout their lives.

Values play a crucial role in shaping the culture of an organization. They reflect the collective beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors within the Department of Education. By emphasizing values such as integrity, collaboration, and accountability, a positive and supportive culture can be fostered, leading to improved teamwork and performance. Values provide a framework for decision-making, particularly when faced with challenging situations or complex issues. The Department of Education may encounter various dilemmas, such as budget constraints or policy conflicts. Having clear values helps guide decision-makers to make choices aligned with the organization's mission and principles.

Building trust with stakeholders, such as children, parents, teachers, and people in general, is facilitated by values. Stakeholders are more likely to have trust in the Department of Education's activities and policies when it demonstrates its commitment to principles like transparency, equity, and inclusivity. Values serve as a foundation for ethical behavior within the organization. In the Department of Education, ethical conduct is crucial to ensure fair and unbiased educational practices. Values like respect, fairness, and empathy help establish high ethical standards, fostering an environment that promotes equal opportunities for all students. Values provide consistency and coherence in the organization's actions, initiatives, and policies. When the Department of Education aligns its activities with its core values, it creates a sense of purpose and direction that enhances overall effectiveness and efficiency.

The essence of values in education is to nurture responsible individuals who possess strong ethical principles, empathy towards others, and a sense of purpose and citizenship. Values are important in the Department of Education because they provide a shared framework for decision-making, guide ethical conduct, shape organizational culture, and build trust with stakeholders. By embodying and promoting these values, the Department can work towards its mission of providing quality education to all learners.

Fundamental structural changes brought about by technology can be important to delivering significant productivity improvements. Technology expands course offerings, experiences, and learning materials; supports learning 24 hours a day, 7 days a week; develops 21st-century skills; increases student engagement and motivation; and speeds up learning. Classrooms are infused with digital learning tools, such as computers and handheld devices, to support both teaching and learning. Technology can change education by introducing a new style of connected learning. This paradigm connects instructors to their students as well as professional knowledge, tools, and systems to assist them in improving their own education and personalizing learning.

Technology puts students on the way to personalizing learning by providing them control over how they study, making education relevant to their digital lives, and preparing them for their futures. Students are driven to become problem solvers, critical thinkers, collaborators, and creators because of technology and access to resources outside of the classroom. When technology is expertly integrated into classrooms, students develop a life-long passion for learning.

Educators are always attempting to customize student learning. With access to real-time student data, longitudinal information, material, applications, and more, technology may help them achieve new heights. Technology can help teachers create blended learning environments, leverage digital tools for formative and summative assessment, and introduce new learning and teaching models into the classroom. 

The Advantages of Using Technology in the Classroom are Technology creates a more engaging learning environment. One key advantage of using technology in course design is that it contributes to a more interesting learning environment for students. It's tough to deny that technology has had an impact on how we teach and learn. Teachers may utilize technology to present information in more engaging and creative ways.

Technology Helps in learning. When pupils have access to technology, they study better. Technology must be included in the class design to reach as many students as possible. Technology may provide several teaching and learning approaches to assist teachers in communicating topic content to a bigger audience. Many teachers want to reach as many children as possible, and technology may help them do just that.

Technology Increases Collaboration. Creating an engaging learning environment requires a collaborative effort. Technology is a great tool to facilitate and facilitate student conversations. They communicate with each other through technology and discuss different ways to work and learn together. 

Some kids are skilled with computers, which means it won't be long before they acquire some tips and tricks and can assist other students with their projects and responsibilities. This encourages collaboration in the classroom, leading to a more connected community.

Technology Improves communication with students. One of the most significant factors in a teacher's and student's success is their ability to connect with one another. Teachers are always looking for methods to engage with their students and one another to foster community in their classrooms. Teachers may engage with their students in new ways because of technological advancements. It enables you to develop channels of contact and utilize the Internet to convey curricular material in new ways to pupils, which may be highly beneficial. Because many kids nowadays gravitate toward the Internet, using these tools in the classroom may boost the possibilities to develop community with your students.

Lastly, Students are better prepared for the future. Because technology is ubiquitous, it is critical that it plays a role in students’ contemporary learning environment. Using technology in the classroom can assist students get better acquainted with common programs that they will use in their future employment. Teachers want to prepare their kids, and technology is a terrific tool to do so. Students must learn the fundamentals since they will play a significant part in their lives in the future. Computers and the internet will be an essential component of their career and personal life in the future.

When it comes to shaping the next generation, educators play a crucial role in imparting knowledge, values, and life skills to their students. While academic success is undoubtedly important, cultivating qualities like humility can have a lasting impact on students' character development, interpersonal relationships, and overall life satisfaction. In this article, we will explore how humility can transform students into compassionate, empathetic, and successful individuals.

Humility, often misunderstood as timidity or weakness, is actually a sign of strength and wisdom. It is an inner quality that manifests through self-awareness, modesty, and an appreciation for the perspectives and contributions of others. Humility encourages us to acknowledge our limitations, treat others with respect, and cultivate a willingness to learn and grow.

The benefits of humility in students:

1. Building meaningful relationships: Humble individuals are genuinely interested in others' perspectives, experiences, and emotions. Students who cultivate humility are more likely to develop strong interpersonal skills and foster harmonious relationships with their peers, teachers, and the broader community. This ability to connect with others fosters teamwork, effective communication, and collaboration skills that are vital in various personal and professional settings.

2. Cultivating empathy and compassion: Humility allows students to develop empathy, the ability to understand and share the feelings of others. By acknowledging their own limitations, students become more open to understanding others' struggles and challenges. Through this lens, students are equipped to respond with compassion and offer support to those in need. Empathy is a critical skill that leads to greater kindness, understanding, and acceptance in society.

3. Nurturing a growth mindset: Humility promotes a growth mindset, a belief that abilities and intelligence can be developed through dedication and hard work. Students who possess a growth mindset understand that intelligence is not fixed, and failures are opportunities for learning and personal growth. This mindset fosters resilience, perseverance, and a willingness to take risks, which are essential qualities for success in academics and beyond.

4. Enhancing self-awareness: Humble individuals possess a genuine understanding of their strengths and weaknesses. This self-awareness enables students to set realistic goals, make informed decisions, and seek help and feedback when needed. Students who embrace humility become lifelong learners, continually seeking knowledge and improvement, leading to personal and professional growth.

5. Promoting ethical behavior: Humility is closely linked to moral integrity and ethical behavior. Humble students are more likely to treat others with fairness, honesty, and integrity. They understand that their actions have an impact on others and strive to make positive contributions to their communities. Ethical behavior is a cornerstone of a just society and is increasingly valued by colleges, employers, and the global community.

In a world that often glorifies achievements, cultivating humility in students is a powerful antidote to the pitfalls of arrogance, entitlement, and self-centeredness. By fostering qualities like empathy, self-awareness, and a growth mindset, educators can shape students into well-rounded, compassionate, and successful individuals. It is through humility that students learn the importance of lifelong learning, collaboration, and making a positive impact both personally and within their communities. Embracing humility is not only a key to academic success but also a gateway to becoming the best versions of themselves.

Laughter is often associated with amusement and joy, but its benefits go beyond simple entertainment. It is becoming increasingly evident that laughter has a powerful effect on learning, particularly in educational settings. Both students and teachers alike can harness the power of laughter to create a positive and productive learning environment. In this article, we will explore the various ways in which laughter helps pupils learn.

Laughter has been scientifically proven to reduce stress and anxiety levels. When students are relaxed and free from stress, they are more likely to absorb information and engage in the learning process. A classroom environment that encourages laughter can help alleviate the pressures associated with learning, creating a relaxed atmosphere conducive to effective learning.

When laughter is incorporated into the learning process, it helps stimulate the brain and enhance memory and retention. Humor activates different regions of the brain, increasing the release of dopamine, a neurotransmitter associated with learning and memory. Thus, incorporating humor and laughter into lessons can aid in the retention of information and make learning more enjoyable for students.

Laughter stimulates creative thinking and problem-solving skills. By engaging in playful and humorous activities, students develop a more flexible and imaginative mindset. This opens up new perspectives and encourages students to think outside the box, leading to innovative solutions and improved critical thinking abilities.

Laughter promotes a sense of community and camaraderie among students. When students share laughter, they develop stronger social bonds and a positive classroom atmosphere. This, in turn, enhances student engagement, motivation, and willingness to participate actively in class activities.

Laughter involves both verbal and nonverbal communication, making it an excellent tool for enhancing language skills. By engaging in jokes, storytelling, and humorous discussions, students refine their communication skills, including vocabulary, pronunciation, and nonverbal cues. Sharing laughter also creates a safe space for students to practice language skills without fear of judgment or criticism.

Laughter releases endorphins, the body's natural feel-good chemicals, which can improve mental and emotional well-being. When students are happy, relaxed, and emotionally balanced, they are better equipped to focus on learning and enjoy the educational experience. Incorporating humor and laughter into the classroom can contribute to a more positive learning environment, fostering student well-being.

Laughter has the power to transform the learning experience for pupils, creating a positive, engaging, and conducive environment for learning. By reducing stress, enhancing memory and retention, fostering creativity and problem-solving skills, promoting social interaction, improving communication, and enhancing mental and emotional well-being, laughter becomes an invaluable tool for both students and teachers. As educators, it is essential to incorporate humor into lessons and encourage laughter as an integral part of the learning process. By harnessing the power of laughter, we can pave the way for a more joyful and effective educational journey for pupils.

Today, teachers are always on the lookout for ways to make learning fun. They are aware that humor fosters optimism and a love of learning in the classroom. Here are a few tips and strategies to bring laughter and humor into your classroom.

TIPS FOR UBSIN HUMOR. Humor can be an effective way to get and keep your pupils engaged. Here are two tips for using humor in the classroom’

CREATE A COMFORTABLE LEARNING ENVIRONMENT. When there is laughter and joy in your classroom you are creating a learning environment where pupils feel safe and comfortable. Laughter eases tension and when pupils are able to let their guard down, they will be more open to learning. The key is to create a comfortable learning environment where pupils feel that you are easily approachable. You can achieve this by lighting things up bit. You don’t have to be comedian or be naturally funny to have laughter in our classroom.

MAKE LESSON FUN: Creating an enjoyable learning environment in your home or classroom promotes higher levels of engagement, focus, and retention allowing for greater individual progress alongside the development of a meaningful child-teacher relationship. Teachers can use humor to bring their lessons to life and make learning fun. They can do this trough games, creating science experiment using drama in the classroom (such as dressing up as characters from a book) or even using comical voices to tell a story. Pupils will appropriate the effort that you put into making lessons fur, So before you roll out your next lesson, be sure to add a bit of humor to it.

HUMOR STRATEGIES TO TRY: Even if you find that you are not naturally funny, you can still use humor in the classroom. Here are a few humor strategies to try;

ADD HUMOR TO YOUR WORKSHEETS: At the end of each worksheets or test, try adding a silly joke or riddle. This will provide a laugh for the students and help break up the boredom.

TELL A JOKE A DAY: Start your day with laughter by either telling your students a joke each morning, or writing a silly riddle on the front board for pupils to wonder.

LAUGH AT YOURSELF: It’s okay to laugh at yourself when you make a mistake. Show pupils that is perfectly normal to have a chuckle when you mess up. Be sure to mention what you did to the pupils so everyone can have laugh.

QUOTES FOR YOUR CLASSROOM: Post quotes all over the place. Add them to your worksheets and post them on the walls, in the doorways, and on bulletin boards. These humerus quotes can be just the thing to cheer someone up when their having a bad day. Use humor in the classroom any way that you can to make lessons more fun and effective. Laughter is a great stress reliever, and we all know how stressful school can be. Take the time to incorporate humor into classroom, and you will see more positive learning environment in known time.

In today's rapidly evolving world, scientific skills hold immense value, enabling learners to comprehend complex concepts, think critically, and contribute to innovative solutions. By nurturing these skills, educators can empower students with the ability to analyze information, conduct experiments, and make informed decisions. In this article, we will explore key strategies to enhance the scientific skills of learners, fostering curiosity, and preparing them for a future shaped by scientific advancements.

1. Encourage inquiry-based learning:

Encouraging learners to ask questions and seek answers is fundamental to developing strong scientific skills. Adopt teaching practices that emphasize inquiry-based learning, where students are given the opportunity to explore their own curiosities and investigate scientific phenomena. By engaging in hands-on experiments, research projects, and open-ended discussions, students learn how to formulate hypotheses, design experiments, and analyze data—essential skills for scientific success.

2. Foster critical thinking:

Critical thinking is the backbone of scientific inquiry. Encourage learners to think critically by challenging assumptions, questioning sources, and evaluating evidence. Teach students how to analyze data objectively, recognize patterns, and draw logical conclusions. Engage them in problem-solving activities, where they must apply scientific principles to real-world scenarios, stimulating their analytical thinking skills. By nurturing critical thinking, students will become proficient at drawing evidence-based conclusions and contributing to scientific discourse.

3. Emphasize scientific communication:

Being able to effectively communicate scientific concepts is as important as understanding them. Encourage learners to actively discuss scientific ideas, present their findings, and engage in scientific debates. By doing so, students develop valuable skills in oral and written communication, fostering their ability to articulate complex concepts in a clear and concise manner. Additionally, providing opportunities for students to publish their work or present at science fairs nurtures their confidence and motivates them to refine their scientific skills further.

4. Integrate technology and digital resources:

Incorporate technology and digital resources into the classroom to enhance scientific skills. Utilize interactive simulations, virtual lab experiments, and multimedia tools that promote engagement and deeper understanding of scientific concepts. By harnessing technology, learners can explore phenomena that might otherwise be inaccessible, thus expanding their scientific knowledge and fostering a sense of curiosity and wonder.

5. Promote collaboration and teamwork:

Scientific progress often relies on collaboration and teamwork. Encourage learners to work in groups, fostering an environment of shared knowledge, diverse perspectives, and cooperative problem-solving. Provide opportunities for students to engage in collaborative experiments, research projects, and discussions. By working together, students learn how to communicate effectively, consider different viewpoints, and leverage collective expertise—a crucial aspect of the scientific process.

6. Engage with STEM professionals and real-world applications:

Exposure to STEM professionals and real-world applications of scientific skills can be highly motivating for learners. Invite guest speakers from various scientific fields, organize field trips to research institutes or industries, or connect students with mentors or experts in the field of their interest. By observing professionals in action and understanding the real-world impact of scientific skills, students gain insight into potential career paths and the relevance of their scientific education.

Nurturing scientific skills in learners is key to equipping them for a future where scientific literacy is increasingly crucial. By fostering inquiry-based learning, critical thinking, scientific communication, incorporating technology, promoting collaboration, and connecting with real-world applications, educators can empower students to become scientifically proficient individuals. These skills will not only benefit their academic achievements but also enable them to contribute meaningfully to society, tackle complex challenges, and embrace the wonders of scientific exploration.

Education plays a vital role in shaping an individual's intellectual and personal development. In recent years, there has been a growing emphasis on learning innovation within the education system. Traditional methods of teaching and learning are no longer sufficient to meet the ever-evolving needs of today's learners. The integration of technology, personalization, and active learning techniques has paved the way for educational innovation. This essay will explore the importance of learning innovation in today's education system and how it can enhance the learning experience for students.

Integration of Technology

Technology has transformed every aspect of our lives, including education. The integration of technology in the classroom has resulted in significant changes in the way students learn and engage with information. With the advent of digital devices, online platforms, and educational software, learning has become more interactive and accessible. Students now have the opportunity to explore complex concepts through multimedia resources, collaborate with peers in virtual environments, and access educational material anytime, anywhere.

Technology also enables personalized learning experiences tailored to the individual needs of students. Adaptive learning programs provide targeted interventions based on students' strengths and weaknesses, allowing them to progress at their own pace. This individualized approach enhances student engagement and achievement, as it promotes a deeper understanding of the subject matter.

Active Learning Techniques

In addition to technology, active learning techniques have gained popularity as a means of promoting student engagement and deep learning. Active learning encourages students to actively participate in the learning process, moving away from passive listening and memorization. Instead, students are involved in discussions, problem-solving activities, and hands-on experiments.

Activities such as group discussions, debates, and project-based assessments foster critical thinking, collaboration, and communication skills. These skills are crucial for success in the modern workforce, where the ability to think critically, work in teams, and effectively communicate ideas is highly valued.

Furthermore, active learning techniques tap into different learning styles, catering to the diverse needs of students. By incorporating visual, auditory, and kinesthetic elements, active learning ensures that students can engage with the material in a way that best suits their learning preferences.

Fostering Creativity and Innovation

Learning innovation also promotes the development of creativity and innovation skills. In today's rapidly changing world, the ability to think creatively and come up with innovative solutions is essential. Traditional education often focuses on rote memorization and standardized testing, leaving little room for creative thinking. However, learning innovation encourages students to explore new ideas, take risks, and think outside the box.

Platforms that facilitate project-based learning and design thinking allow students to tackle real-world problems and develop innovative solutions. This hands-on approach not only deepens understanding but also equips students with the skills and mindset necessary for success in the 21st century.

Learning innovation has transformed the educational landscape, paving the way for more engaging, personalized, and impactful learning experiences. The integration of technology, active learning techniques, and the promotion of creativity and innovation have revolutionized traditional education methods, catering to the evolving needs of today's learners.

By embracing learning innovation, educators can create a dynamic and inclusive learning environment that fosters student engagement, critical thinking, collaboration, and creativity. It is, therefore, imperative for educational institutions to embrace and invest in learning innovation to ensure that students are prepared for the challenges and opportunities of the future. learners.

Teachers play a vital role in shaping the future of society by imparting knowledge, instilling values, and fostering critical thinking skills in their students. To accomplish these goals, it is essential for educators to employ effective teaching strategies that promote engagement, knowledge retention, and overall student success. This essay explores the importance of effective teaching strategies and highlights some key approaches that teachers can implement to enhance their instructional practices.

1. Active Learning:

Active learning strategies promote student engagement and participation, allowing them to become active participants in the learning process. This approach transforms students from passive recipients of information to active problem solvers and critical thinkers. By incorporating activities such as group discussions, debates, hands-on experiments, and project-based learning, teachers can encourage students to actively explore concepts, ask questions, and apply their knowledge to real-world scenarios.

2. Differentiated Instruction:

Recognizing that students have diverse learning styles, preferences, and abilities is fundamental to effective teaching. Differentiated instruction involves tailoring lesson plans, activities, and assessment methods to accommodate individual student needs. By offering a variety of learning opportunities, such as visual, auditory, and kinesthetic materials, teachers can provide multiple entry points for students to access, grasp, and apply knowledge.

3. Use of Technology:

Incorporating technology into the teaching process opens up new avenues for learning and enhances student engagement. Interactive multimedia presentations, educational videos, online simulations, and digital learning platforms enable educators to provide students with engaging and interactive learning experiences. Additionally, technology allows for more efficient assessment and feedback processes, facilitating personalized learning paths for students.

4. Scaffolding:

Scaffolding is a teaching strategy that provides students with the necessary support and guidance to comprehend complex concepts gradually. Educators can break down tasks into manageable steps, provide clear instructions, and offer resources to help students build their understanding. By gradually removing the scaffolding, students develop independence and confidence in their learning abilities.

5. Formative Assessment:

Formative assessment is an ongoing process that allows teachers to monitor student progress and provide timely feedback to support their learning journey. By utilizing strategies such as quizzes, class discussions, peer feedback, and self-assessment, teachers can identify individual student strengths and areas for improvement. Adjusting instruction based on formative assessments helps students comprehend and retain information more effectively.

6. Cultivating a Positive Learning Environment:

Creating a safe and inclusive learning environment is crucial for fostering student engagement and motivation. Building positive relationships, showing empathy, and encouraging open communication help create a nurturing space where students feel valued and supported. By promoting collaboration, respect, and active listening, teachers can enhance student participation and create a conducive atmosphere for learning.

Effective teaching strategies are essential in creating meaningful learning experiences that promote student engagement, critical thinking, and long-term retention of knowledge. Active learning, differentiated instruction, technology integration, scaffolding, formative assessment, and cultivating a positive learning environment all contribute to successful teaching practices. By adopting these strategies, educators can empower their students to become lifelong learners, prepared to meet the challenges of an increasingly dynamic and complex world. As society evolves, the role of teachers in implementing effective teaching strategies becomes even more vital in equipping future generations with the skills and knowledge they need to succeed.

In the realm of education, praise holds a special place as a powerful tool that teachers can utilize to enhance the learning experience of their students. Praising learners in the classroom has the potential to positively impact their motivation, self-esteem, and academic performance. Recognizing and celebrating students' efforts and achievements create an environment that fosters growth, cultivates self-confidence, and promotes engagement. This essay explores the manifold benefits of praising learners in the classroom and its impact on students' overall learning experience.

One of the significant advantages of praising learners is its ability to boost motivation levels. When students receive recognition for their efforts, they are more likely to remain engaged and enthusiastic about learning. Praise serves as a form of reinforcement, reinforcing positive behavior and encouraging students to persist in their academic endeavors. By acknowledging their hard work and progress, teachers can effectively inspire students to push themselves further, resulting in increased motivation to excel.

Praise has tremendous potential to bolster students' self-esteem and confidence. By acknowledging and appreciating their achievements, teachers can instill a strong sense of self-worth in learners. Validating their efforts and recognizing their abilities contributes to building a positive self-image within students. This increased self-esteem enables learners to develop a belief in their own skills and abilities, leading to a greater willingness to take on challenges and seek continuous improvement.

Praising learners in the classroom can have a direct impact on their academic performance. When students receive regular, constructive praise, they are more likely to be motivated to excel academically. The acknowledgement of their hard work and achievements reinforces the connection between effort and success. This connection encourages learners to apply themselves diligently, take risks, and persevere through challenges. Consequently, a positive cycle is created, where students' performance improves as a direct result of the motivation and confidence gained through praise.

Creating an environment that nurtures learners' growth and development involves encouraging active participation and engagement. Praising students for their efforts and accomplishments contributes to this goal. By recognizing their contributions, teachers establish a positive classroom atmosphere that encourages students to actively participate in class discussions and activities. The enhanced engagement, in turn, leads to better comprehension, absorption of knowledge, and an increased desire to learn.

Praising learners has the tremendous advantage of promoting a growth mindset. When students are praised for their efforts, strategies, and perseverance rather than solely for their innate abilities, they develop a belief in their capacity to learn and grow. This shift in mindset encourages learners to embrace challenges as opportunities for improvement. This belief in their ability to develop and overcome obstacles ultimately leads to students embracing a growth mindset, wherein they see failures and setbacks as valuable learning experiences.

The act of praising students fosters a positive teacher-student relationship. Recognizing and appreciating students' efforts and achievements cultivates an environment of respect, support, and trust. Students feel valued and understood when their hard work is acknowledged, creating a sense of connection between them and their teachers. As a result, students are more likely to seek guidance, ask questions, and actively participate in class discussions, leading to a stronger bond between teachers and students.

Regularly recognizing and praising learners in the classroom contributes to the establishment of a positive classroom culture. Students learn to appreciate and celebrate each other's achievements, creating a collaborative and encouraging atmosphere. This culture of positivity, support, and celebration enables students to feel safe and supported in their learning journey. Consequently, students are more likely to take intellectual risks, think creatively, and learn from each other, leading to a richer and more dynamic learning experience for all.

The power of praising learners in the classroom cannot be overstated. By validating their efforts, encouraging their progress, and celebrating their achievements, teachers can significantly impact students' motivation, self-esteem, and academic performance. The benefits extend beyond the individual learner, creating a positive classroom culture and fostering stronger teacher-student relationships. For educators, understanding the influence praise holds and utilizing it effectively is an essential aspect of promoting meaningful and lifelong learning for their students.

Teachers and parents play crucial roles in disciplining learners. They both contribute to creating a positive learning environment and ensuring children develop the necessary skills for self-discipline. Here are some specific ways in which teachers and parents can

Teachers:

1. Setting clear expectations: Teachers should establish and communicate clear guidelines regarding behavior and academic performance. This helps learners understand what is expected of them and promotes accountability. They consistently reinforce these rules and address any behavior issues promptly.

2. Providing structure and routine: Teachers should create a structured and organized learning environment, including consistent schedules and procedures. This helps learners develop discipline and understand the importance of following rules.

3. Reinforcing positive behavior: Recognizing and rewarding learners' positive behavior encourages them to continue making good choices. This positive reinforcement can be in the form of verbal praise, rewards, or certificates. Teachers use praise, rewards, and encouragement to reinforce positive behavior and motivate learners to continue making good choices.

4. Addressing behavior issues promptly: When learners exhibit disruptive behavior or fail to meet expectations, teachers should address these issues promptly and consistently. This may involve implementing appropriate consequences and working with the learners to develop strategies for improvement. When learners violate rules, teachers impose appropriate consequences to teach them accountability and help them understand the cause-and-effect relationship between their actions and consequences.

5. Communication: Teachers effectively communicate with learners, explaining why certain behaviors are unacceptable and discussing ways to improve behavior and academic performance.

6. Collaborating with parents: Teachers should maintain open lines of communication with parents, sharing information about learners' behavior and academic progress. This collaboration helps reinforce consistent expectations between home and school and allows for a unified approach to discipline. Teachers regularly communicate with parents, sharing information about learners' behavior and working together to reinforce consistent expectations at home and in school.

Parents:

1. Setting boundaries: Parents establish and enforce rules and boundaries at home. This provides learners with a consistent framework for behavior and teaches them self-discipline. Parents should set clear boundaries and rules at home. This helps children understand their limits and promotes self-discipline.

2. Modeling behavior: Parents set an example for their children by demonstrating respect, responsibility, and self-discipline in their own actions. Children often imitate their parents' behavior, so it's important for parents to model positive conduct. Parents should serve as positive role models for their children, demonstrating respectful and responsible behavior. Learners often emulate their parents' actions and attitudes, so it's important for parents to be mindful of their own behavior.

3. Reinforcing expectations: Parents reinforce expectations by praising and rewarding children when they exhibit good behavior and providing constructive feedback or appropriate consequences when rules are broken. When learners deviate from the established rules, parents should consistently enforce appropriate consequences. This helps children understand the connection between their actions and the outcomes.

4. Guiding and supporting: Parents guide and support learners through their academic journey, helping them understand the importance of self-discipline in achieving their goals. Parents can foster discipline in children by assigning chores and responsibilities that are appropriate for their age. This helps children develop a sense of accountability and self-discipline.

5. Effective communication: Parents engage in open communication with their children, listening to their concerns, understanding their challenges, and providing guidance and support when needed. Parents should create an environment where learners feel comfortable discussing their concerns, challenges, and successes. This open communication allows parents to address issues promptly and provide guidance and support when needed.

Both teachers and parents have a shared responsibility to nurture learners' discipline. By working together and maintaining consistent expectations, they can create a positive environment that promotes self-discipline, academic growth, and character development in learners.

Bullying is a widespread issue that permeates schools and has a severe impact on the lives of several pupils. It is a form of aggressive behavior that involves a power imbalance, with one or more individuals repeatedly targeting another person through physical, verbal, or emotional aggression. The harmful effects of bullying can be long-lasting, leading to decreased self-esteem, academic struggles, and even mental health issues. Therefore, it is imperative that schools take proactive measures to address bullying and create a safe and inclusive learning environment for all students.

Identification and Prevention:

The detection and prevention of bullying behavior is one of the first stages in dealing with the issue. Schools should develop thorough anti-bullying policies and initiatives that inform students, teachers, and parents about the various types of bullying and its detrimental effects. Workshops, awareness campaigns, and classroom exercises stressing respect and empathy can all be included in these projects. Bullying incidents should be reported by students, with the assurance of confidentiality and the absence of reprisals.

Creating a Supportive Environment:

A positive and supportive environment is crucial for preventing and addressing bullying. Teachers and staff members should actively monitor and supervise common areas such as hallways, lunchrooms, and playgrounds where bullying tends to occur. Developing a culture of inclusiveness and respect within the school community fosters empathy and discourages bullying behavior. Strategies such as peer mentoring or buddy systems can also be introduced, where older students look out for and support younger students, thereby nurturing a sense of belonging and protection.

Education and Social Skills Training:

Empowering students with the necessary social skills is another means to address bullying effectively. Schools should provide comprehensive social-emotional learning programs that teach empathy, conflict resolution, assertiveness, and problem-solving skills. These programs aim to enhance students' communication abilities, resilience, and their ability to handle conflicts non-violently. In addition, educating students about the negative impact of bullying and the importance of ally ship can lead to a greater understanding and intolerance for such behavior.

Intervention and Support:

When instances of bullying are reported or observed, schools must respond promptly and effectively. A well-established reporting system should be in place, ensuring that all reports are taken seriously and appropriate action is taken. The involvement of trained staff, such as guidance counselors or school psychologists, is crucial in providing support to both the victim and the bully. In addition to addressing the underlying issues that may be contributing to the bullying behavior, counseling services can assist the victim in coping with the emotional effects of bullying.

Collaboration with Parents and Community:

Collaboration between schools, parents, and the greater community is necessary to combat bullying. Parents can play an essential role by reinforcing anti-bullying values at home, fostering open communication with their children, and working with schools to address any concerns. Involving community organizations, such as local law enforcement or anti-bullying advocacy groups, can provide additional resources and expertise to combat bullying effectively.

Addressing bullying in school is not just a moral obligation but a necessary step towards creating a safe and nurturing environment for all students. Schools can actively address bullying and its detrimental effects by employing preventative measures such prevention programs, social-emotional learning, and intervention initiatives. It is through an inclusive and collaborative approach, involving parents and the wider community, that schools can ensure the physical and emotional well-being of their students. Together, let us foster a culture of respect and empathy, empowering students to thrive and reach their full potential in a bully-free environment.

The advent of technology has revolutionized the way we learn and interact with information. One such technological advancement that has gained popularity among learners is video games. Video games have become a ubiquitous form of entertainment, with millions of individuals spending hours immersed in virtual worlds. However, there has been ongoing debate regarding the effects of video games on learners' study. While some argue that video games have a detrimental impact on academic performance, others suggest that certain aspects of gaming can enhance cognitive abilities and critical thinking skills. This essay explores the effects of video games on learners' study, considering both the potential negative and positive impacts.

Negative Effects of Video Games:

1. Reduced academic performance: One of the primary concerns associated with video games is their potential to hinder academic performance. Excessive gaming can lead to time mismanagement, affecting students' ability to allocate time for studying and completing assignments. Moreover, the immersive nature of video games, coupled with the addictive elements, may lead to a loss of focus and decreased motivation for academic pursuits.

2. Impaired social interactions: Another potential negative consequence of excessive video game use is the impact on social interactions. Spending long hours gaming can lead to social isolation and limited face-to-face interactions. This lack of social engagement can hinder the development of critical communication and interpersonal skills, which are essential for success in academic and professional environments.

3. Increased sedentary behavior: Video games often require extended periods of sitting, which can contribute to a sedentary lifestyle. This sedentary behavior is associated with various health issues, including obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and musculoskeletal problems. Such health problems can impede learners' study by negatively affecting their overall well-being and cognitive functioning.

Positive Effects of Video Games:

1. Cognitive development: Certain types of video games, such as strategy and puzzle solving games, have been found to enhance cognitive abilities. These games often require critical thinking, problem-solving, and decision-making skills. Engaging with such games can improve learners' logical reasoning, spatial awareness, and analytical thinking, which can be beneficial for academic performance.

2. Improved hand-eye coordination: Many video games involve fast-paced action, requiring players to react quickly and accurately. This can enhance hand-eye coordination and fine motor skills. Such improved coordination can positively impact learners' study, especially subjects that involve manual dexterity, such as science experiments or technology-related tasks.

3. Teamwork and collaboration: Multiplayer video games often promote teamwork and collaboration, requiring players to communicate, strategize, and work together towards a common goal. These experiences can foster skills such as effective communication, problem-solving, and cooperation, which can be transferred to academic settings where group projects and collaborative assignments are common.

The effects of video games on learners' study are nuanced and multidimensional. While excessive gaming can lead to negative consequences such as reduced academic performance, impaired social interactions, and sedentary behavior, it is important to recognize that not all aspects of gaming are detrimental. Some video games, particularly those that emphasize cognitive development, hand-eye coordination, and teamwork, can offer certain benefits to learners. Finding a balance between gaming and academic pursuits is crucial to ensure that learners reap the potential positive effects while minimizing the negative impact. Additionally, educators and parents need to play an active role in guiding learners' gaming habits, ensuring that they prioritize their academic responsibilities and maintain a healthy and well-rounded lifestyle.

Play is a fundamental aspect of childhood that allows children to explore, experiment, and learn. While play is often seen as a leisure activity, it can have significant cognitive benefits for learners of all ages. By engaging in play, learners can enhance their cognitive skills, including problem-solving, critical thinking, creativity, and memory. This essay aims to explore how play can be effectively used to improve learners' cognitive skills, leading to better academic performance and overall development.

Development of Problem-Solving Skills:

Play provides learners with endless opportunities to practice and develop their problem-solving skills. Engaging in imaginative play scenarios, puzzles, construction toys, and strategy games can stimulate a learner's ability to think critically and creatively. Whether it is building structures with blocks, solving riddles in scavenger hunts, or strategizing in board games, learners are presented with challenges that require them to devise solutions and think logically. Through play, learners develop resilience, adaptability, and the ability to approach problems from various angles, ultimately improving their cognitive abilities.

Enhancing Critical Thinking Skills:

Play encourages learners to think critically by presenting them with situations that require analysis, evaluation, and decision-making. For instance, role-playing games, such as pretend play or acting out performances, enable children to consider different perspectives, enhance their communication skills, and engage in complex problem-solving scenarios. This fosters the development of analytical thinking, as learners must evaluate multiple factors and make informed decisions based on the given context. By engaging in play, learners become active participants in their learning, honing their critical thinking skills in an enjoyable and engaging manner.

Fostering Creativity:

Play provides a safe and supportive environment for learners to express their creativity and imagination. Engaging in artistic activities, such as drawing, painting, or playing musical instruments, stimulates learners' artistic abilities, helping them generate unique ideas and explore different possibilities. Creativity is closely linked to cognitive skills, as it involves thinking outside the box, making connections between seemingly unrelated concepts, and problem-solving through unconventional means. By allowing learners to freely engage in creative play, educators and parents can foster an environment that nurtures their cognitive development.

Improving Memory and Retention:

Play can play a crucial role in improving learners' memory and retention abilities. Various memory-boosting games, such as card matching or memory recall, challenge learners' working memory and help them encode, store, and retrieve information more effectively. Additionally, activities that involve repetition and reinforcement, such as word puzzles, memory games, or storytelling, strengthen neural connections, leading to improved memory skills. By incorporating play into learning environments, educators can tap into learners' innate curiosity and natural inclination to play, enhancing their overall memory and retention capabilities.

Play is a powerful tool that can significantly enhance learners' cognitive skills. By engaging in play-based activities, learners develop problem-solving skills, critical thinking abilities, creativity, and memory retention. As educators and parents, it is crucial to recognize the value of play and incorporate it into learning environments. By providing opportunities for play, learners can not only enjoy the process of learning but also deepen their understanding and improve their cognitive abilities, ultimately leading to better academic performance and overall development.

Education is a fundamental aspect of our lives, and finding the most effective learning approach is crucial for every student. Two popular methods that have gained traction are group study and personalized learning. While group study fosters collaboration and peer support, personalized learning allows individuals to tailor their education to their specific needs. This essay will explore the advantages and disadvantages of both approaches, aiming to find the optimal balance for effective learning.

Advantages of Group Study:

Group study offers a range of benefits that cannot be achieved through personalized learning alone. First and foremost, studying in a group enhances collaboration and teamwork skills. Students can brainstorm ideas, discuss concepts, and clarify doubts together, leading to a deeper understanding of the subject matter. Additionally, group study provides an opportunity for social interaction, promoting interpersonal skills, and creating a supportive learning environment. Moreover, when studying in a group, individuals can learn from their peers' diverse perspectives and experiences, broadening their horizons.

Advantages of Personalized Approach:

On the other hand, personalized learning provides a unique approach that caters to individual preferences, strengths, and weaknesses. With a personalized approach, students can set their own learning goals and pace, ensuring maximum engagement and motivation. Personalized learning also allows students to focus on topics they find challenging or interesting, enabling a deeper understanding of the subject matter. Furthermore, personalized assessments and feedback provide students with immediate information on their progress, enabling them to identify areas that require improvement. This approach acknowledges that students have different learning styles and ensures that each individual's needs are met effectively.

Disadvantages of Group Study:

While group study has numerous advantages, it is not without its drawbacks. One of the challenges faced in group study is the potential for distractions. Different learning styles, varying levels of motivation, and social dynamics can hinder an individual's focus and progress. Moreover, group study may lead to a superficial understanding of the subject matter, as individuals may rely on others to provide answers instead of developing critical thinking skills. Lastly, conflicts within the group can arise, potentially hampering overall productivity and hindering learning.

Disadvantages of Personalized Approach:

Similarly, personalized learning also has its limitations. One primary concern is the potential lack of social interaction when students learn individually. Interpersonal skills and collaborative abilities may not develop as effectively as they would in a group setting. Additionally, the responsibility of setting and managing learning goals may be overwhelming for some students, potentially leading to a lack of structure or direction. Personalized learning can also become isolating, as students may miss out on the opportunity to learn from their peers' perspectives and experiences.

Striking a Balance:

To attain the optimal learning experience, it is evident that a balance between group study and personalized learning is necessary. A hybrid approach, incorporating elements of both methods, can be beneficial. Group discussions, collaborative projects, and active learning can be combined with personalized assessments, individual goal-setting, and self-paced learning. This blended approach fosters collaboration while catering to individual needs, promoting critical thinking, and allowing students to develop both interpersonal and self-directed learning skills.

In the quest for effective learning, both group study and personalized learning hold value. While group study maximizes collaboration, communication, and diverse perspectives, personalized learning focuses on individual needs, self-paced learning, and tailored feedback. Striking a balance between the two approaches allows students to benefit from both social interactions and individualized attention, ultimately leading to a more holistic and effective learning experience. It is through this integration that we can unlock the true potential of education and foster well-rounded individuals.

Education is not solely about academic knowledge but also about nurturing children to become well-rounded individuals. Montessori schools have emerged as a unique approach to education, focusing not only on academic achievement but also on developing essential life skills. This essay will explore the philosophy behind Montessori schools and highlight the importance of basic life skills taught within the Montessori classroom.

Montessori Philosophy:

Montessori education is based on the principles established by Dr. Maria Montessori, an Italian physician and educator. The Montessori approach emphasizes the child's individual development and acknowledges that each child learns at their own pace and has unique strengths and interests. The environment within Montessori schools is carefully designed to foster independence, self-discipline, and a love of learning.

Emphasis on Basic Life Skills:

One of the fundamental aspects of Montessori education is the emphasis placed on basic life skills. These skills are considered essential for children's overall growth and their ability to adapt to different situations throughout their lives. Montessori schools recognize that teaching children practical tasks from an early age contributes to their self-confidence, self-sufficiency, and ability to navigate the challenges of everyday life.

Practical Life Activities:

Practical life activities form the foundation of basic life skills education in Montessori schools. These activities are familiar, purposeful tasks that mimic everyday adult activities. Students engage in activities such as pouring, dressing themselves, buttoning, tying shoelaces, cleaning, and preparing food. Through these activities, children develop fine motor skills, hand-eye coordination, concentration, patience, and discipline.

These practical life activities also instill a sense of responsibility and pride in children as they learn to take care of their surroundings, including cleaning up after themselves and organizing their personal belongings. Such skills facilitate the development of autonomy and a sense of personal accountability.

Social and Emotional Skills Development:

Montessori schools also recognize the importance of developing social and emotional skills alongside practical life skills. The Montessori approach encourages children to develop empathy, kindness, and respect for others. Through collaborative activities, such as group game-playing or engaging in communal tasks, children learn to work as a team, practice effective communication, and develop conflict resolution skills.

Additionally, Montessori classrooms typically have mixed-age groups, allowing younger children to observe and learn from older ones, fostering a sense of mentorship and cooperation among students. These interactions nurture the development of social skills, empathy, and a sense of community.

Long-Term Benefits:

The emphasis on basic life skills in Montessori education provides numerous long-term benefits for children as they progress through their education and later stages of life. The practical life skills acquired during early childhood become the foundation for broader academic learning. The ability to focus, concentrate, and complete tasks independently strengthens as children gain mastery over practical life activities, equipping them with crucial skills for future academic success.

Moreover, the development of social and emotional skills in Montessori schools translates into positive relationships with others and enhanced self-awareness. These skills enable children to navigate diverse social settings, express their emotions effectively, and be compassionate and respectful individuals.

Montessori schools stand out for their holistic approach to education, emphasizing the importance of developing basic life skills in tandem with academic learning. By providing hands-on experiences and practical life activities, Montessori education empowers children to become independent, self-motivated, and socially and emotionally adept individuals. The acquisition of these skills during early childhood lays the groundwork for long-term success and the development of well-rounded individuals capable of adapting to the challenges of life.

Academic integrity forms the foundation of ethical behavior in an educational setting. It encompasses honesty, integrity, and responsible conduct in all aspects of learning. Upholding academic integrity is crucial as it not only demonstrates a commitment to learning and personal growth but also ensures fairness and credibility within the academic community. In this essay, we will explore several effective ways to avoid academic integrity issues and promote responsible learning.

1. Understand and Clarify Academic Integrity Policies:

It is essential for students to be familiar with their educational institution's academic integrity policy. This policy outlines expectations, guidelines, and consequences related to academic misconduct. Students should take the time to read and understand these policies as they serve as a roadmap to avoiding integrity violations.

2. Proper Citation and Referencing Techniques:

One common form of academic misconduct is plagiarism—using someone else's work without proper acknowledgment. To avoid this, students must learn appropriate citation and referencing techniques. Whether using direct quotes, paraphrasing, or summarizing, it is crucial to give credit to the original author. Utilizing citation styles such as APA, MLA, or Chicago ensures accuracy and consistency in acknowledging sources.

3. Develop Effective Time Management Skills:

Procrastination often leads to academic integrity issues, as students may resort to unethical practices when faced with tight deadlines. By managing time effectively, students can avoid cutting corners and engage in genuine learning. Creating a schedule, breaking tasks into manageable chunks, and prioritizing assignments can help students complete their work with integrity.

4. Self-Awareness and Personal Responsibility:

Building self-awareness enables students to understand their strengths, weaknesses, and learning preferences. By knowing one's limitations and seeking appropriate support, students can complete assignments ethically and effectively. Taking personal responsibility for one's academic journey involves actively engaging in learning, seeking clarification when needed, and not relying on shortcuts or cheating.

5. Seek Academic Support:

Students should actively seek academic support, such as tutoring, writing centers, or online resources. These resources provide guidance to enhance understanding, help refine study strategies, and develop critical thinking skills. Seeking help when facing challenges reduces the temptation to engage in dishonest practices and ensures a more holistic and ethical learning experience.

6. Encourage Collaboration, Not Duplication:

Collaboration can be a powerful tool for learning, as it promotes discussion, shared knowledge, and diverse perspectives. However, students must differentiate between collaboration and duplication. Engaging in group work allows for brainstorming and exchanging ideas, but each student should contribute uniquely to avoid crossing the boundaries of academic integrity.

7. Develop Originality and Critical Thinking:

Fostering originality and critical thinking is essential to academic success while maintaining integrity. By digesting course material, conducting independent research, and focusing on original thought, students can produce authentic and well-grounded work. Emphasizing individuality and intellectual curiosity minimizes the risk of unintentional or deliberate plagiarism.

Upholding academic integrity is not only an ethical responsibility but also essential for personal and academic growth. By understanding academic policies, mastering proper citation techniques, developing effective time management skills, seeking support, promoting collaboration, and embracing originality and critical thinking, students can foster an educational environment founded on integrity. By engaging in these practices, individuals contribute to the credibility of the academic community and lay the groundwork for success in their academic and professional journeys.

Summer reading programs are a long-standing tradition aimed at promoting literacy, fostering a love for reading, and preventing summer learning loss among students. These programs typically take place during the summer break, allowing students to engage in reading activities outside of the regular academic curriculum. While many summer reading programs are held throughout the summer, the year-end summer reading program holds a special place due to its unique timing and impact on students. This essay explores the essence of the year-end summer reading program and highlights its significance in shaping young minds.

The year-end summer reading program serves as a valuable opportunity for students to reflect on their reading accomplishments throughout the year. It allows them to consolidate their learning and experiences, providing closure to their academic journey. By revisiting books, they have read, discussing them with peers and mentors, and participating in various activities, students gain a deeper understanding of the texts and their own growth as readers. This reflection and consolidation process enhance their comprehension skills and enables them to retain knowledge gained during the school year.

During the year-end summer reading program, students have the chance to explore a wide range of texts of their choosing, empowering them to become independent readers. Unlike the prescribed readings during the academic year, they have the freedom to explore diverse genres, authors, and themes that captivate their interests. This freedom allows students to define their reading preferences and further develop their personal reading identities. It fosters a sense of ownership and enthusiasm for reading, thereby encouraging lifelong learning and a genuine love of literature.

The year-end summer reading program often includes discussion groups, book clubs, and writing assignments, which expand students' critical thinking and analytical skills. Engaging in thoughtful conversations about the texts they have read helps students practice actively listening to others, articulating their thoughts, and defending their opinions. By examining different perspectives, interpreting symbolism, and analyzing character development, they develop a deeper understanding of literary elements and the broader human experience. These skills transcend the boundaries of literature, supporting their academic success across various subjects.

Summer reading programs, particularly the year-end programs, encourage students to explore diverse voices and perspectives, enhancing their cultural appreciation and understanding. By encouraging participants to read books by authors from different backgrounds, representing a variety of cultures, races, ethnicities, and socio-economic contexts, students gain exposure to new ideas and experiences outside their own lived realities. This fosters empathy, broadens their worldview, and cultivates an appreciation for diversity, creating more inclusive and connected communities.

The year-end summer reading program plays a vital role in enriching students' educational experiences beyond the confines of the regular school year. By providing a platform for reflection, consolidating knowledge, empowering independent reading, enhancing critical thinking, and promoting cultural appreciation, this program nurtures a genuine love for reading and learning. It empowers students to develop their own reading identities, think critically, and engage with diverse perspectives. Ultimately, the essence of the year-end summer reading program lies in its ability to shape young minds, fostering a lifelong love for literature and a thirst for knowledge.

It is crucial to develop strong communication skills with people from many cultural origins in the interconnected world of today. A bilingual approach to education has proven to be very advantageous for pupils. Being able to speak various languages is necessary for success in the global economy.

Bilingual education refers to an educational approach where two languages are used for instruction, allowing students to develop proficiency in both their vernacular language and a second language. With its rich cultural diversity and numerous languages spoken across the archipelago, the Philippines is a perfect setting for bilingual education. This essay aims to explore the benefits of bilingual education in the Philippine context.

One significant advantage of bilingual education in the Philippines is its ability to preserve cultural identity. With over 175 languages spoken in the country, implementing bilingual education enables students to maintain and appreciate their native tongues while acquiring proficiency in Filipino and/or English. This approach ensures that local languages are not marginalized and are given equal importance in the educational system.

Bilingual education offers students the opportunity to acquire language skills in both their mother tongue and an additional language. Language acquisition at an early age has been proven to enhance cognitive abilities, critical thinking skills, and problem-solving abilities. By learning two languages, students become more flexible thinkers and effective communicators, enabling them to function in a diverse and globalized world.

Numerous studies have shown a positive correlation between bilingual education and academic performance. When students are exposed to learning in both their mother tongue and a second language, their comprehension, reading, and writing skills improve significantly. Bilingual education also aids in developing analytical and logical thinking, thereby enhancing overall academic performance.

The ability to communicate proficiently in multiple languages has become increasingly important in today's globalized world. Bilingual education equips students with the linguistic skills needed to engage in international affairs, foster cross-cultural understanding, and participate in global employment opportunities. As English remains the international language of business and diplomacy, proficiency in this language, alongside Filipino, provides Philippine students with a competitive advantage in the international job market.

Bilingual education offers a pathway to increased socioeconomic opportunities for students in the Philippines. English proficiency, which is emphasized in bilingual education, has been linked to higher earning potential and better employment prospects. By equipping students with strong language skills, bilingual education empowers them to pursue higher education and career paths that may have been otherwise inaccessible.

Bilingual education in the Philippine setting promotes cultural preservation, enhances linguistic skills, boosts academic performance, and provides students with a competitive edge in the global arena. By allowing students to maintain their cultural identity while acquiring proficiency in multiple languages, the education system supports and celebrates the nation's rich linguistic diversity. Bilingual education not only contributes to the personal growth and development of students but also helps to create a more competitive and globally connected society. It is an investment in the future of the Philippines, fostering understanding, collaboration, and success on both national and international levels.

Assessment for Learning (AfL) is an integral part of the teaching and learning process. It serves as a tool for both teachers and students to gauge progress, identify areas of improvement, and guide the instructional approach. As teachers, it is essential to design effective assessments that align with the learning objectives and student needs. This essay will provide valuable tips for teachers in preparing assessments for learning.

1. Begin with clear learning objectives:

Before designing any assessment, it is crucial to establish clear, specific, and measurable learning objectives. These objectives should outline what students are expected to know, understand, and demonstrate by the end of a unit or lesson. Starting with well-defined objectives allows teachers to align assessments accordingly, ensuring that they effectively measure student learning.

2. Use a variety of assessment methods:

Utilizing a range of assessment methods helps cater to diverse learning styles and allows students to exhibit their understanding in different ways. These methods may include written tests, presentations, projects, group work, debates, or quizzes. By incorporating various techniques, teachers can obtain a more comprehensive view of student comprehension and skills.

3. Incorporate formative assessments:

Formative assessments are ongoing, student-centered evaluations conducted during the learning process. These assessments provide immediate feedback to students and inform teachers of the next steps to enhance learning. Teachers should embed formative assessments into daily instruction through methods such as class discussions, exit tickets, and quick quizzes. These assessments help identify misconceptions, adjust teaching strategies, and support student growth.

4. Provide clear instructions and criteria for success:

When preparing assessments, it is crucial to provide students with clear instructions and a rubric or marking criteria outlining the expectations for success. Clear guidelines ensure students understand the purpose of the assessment and what is required to excel. This transparency helps students focus their efforts towards achieving the desired outcome and provides clarity for self-assessment.

5. Offer opportunities for self-reflection:

Building self-reflection into assessments encourages students to assess their own progress and identify areas for improvement. Teachers can include prompts or questions within assessments, asking students to reflect on strengths and weaknesses, areas for growth, and strategies they employed. Self-reflection promotes metacognitive thinking, fostering student autonomy and ownership of the learning process.

6. Timely and constructive feedback:

Feedback plays a crucial role in the assessment for learning process. It serves as a guide for students to understand their strengths and areas of improvement. Teachers should provide timely, specific, and constructive feedback to students, highlighting their achievements and offering constructive suggestions for growth. Feedback should be clear, concise, and encourage further learning without discouraging students.

7. Encourage peer assessment and collaboration:

Incorporating peer assessment and collaboration allows students to engage in self-reflection, evaluate the work of others, and provide constructive feedback. Peer assessment fosters a sense of responsibility and critical thinking, as students analyze and evaluate their peers' work. It also develops communication and social skills while encouraging cooperative learning.

Effective assessments for learning are essential for both teachers and students. By following these tips, teachers can design assessments that align with learning objectives, cater to diverse learning styles, provide timely feedback, and promote self-reflection. Such assessments create a rich learning environment, empowering students to take ownership of their learning and facilitating continuous growth. Remember, assessment is not solely an evaluation tool but a means to guide the teaching and learning process.

Abstract: This study is focused on the development and evaluation of an Aquaponic System Contextualized Learning material for Grades 7 and 8. A quasi-experimental one-group post-test design was administered in the development of Contextualized learning materials for understanding and building aquaponics systems. Based on the least learned skills i.e., aquaponics which served as the baseline of the CLM in understanding and building aquaponics systems. There were three least mastered skills the students failed to master. Among 245 students only 93 or only 38% of students answered the item correctly. Based on the findings on the experts’ evaluation of the content validity of the CLM in terms of objectives with the mean of 4.70, technical quality (x̄ 4.78) and instructional quality (x̄ 4.65), organization (x̄ 4.62), language arts content (x̄ 4.62) and alignment (x̄ 4.69) are all rated as highly acceptable. Experts’ evaluation of the usability of CLM in terms of ease of administration (x̄ 4.56), ease of scoring (x̄ 4.73), expenses (x̄ 4.77) and time (x̄ 4.65) are all rated as highly acceptable. Furthermore, 70% of the students are rated very good while 30% rated excellent in the post-test. The experts’ evaluation of the usability of CLM in terms of ease of administration, ease of scoring, expenses, and time are all good which may indicate that CLM can be used as instructional material in TLEs modern farming. School administrations may include programs to strengthen the teaching and learning of aquaponics in school. They also provide opportunities for teachers to further improve the CLM.

Keywords: Aquaponics, Contextualization, CLM, Sustainable, Development, Evaluation

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I. INTRODUCTION

In line with the Department of Education’s (DepEd) vision and mission, Technology and Livelihood Education (TLE) aims to develop critical thinking, self-reliance, independence, culture sensitivity, and entrepreneurship in the students by enhancing their skills in the different uses of technology and application of life skills. Hence, exploratory courses for Grades seven to ten are offered as their specialization. Among the following areas of concern in TLE is Organic Agriculture Production. Organic agriculture is a holistic production management system that promotes and enhances agro-ecosystem health, including biodiversity, biological cycles, and soil biological activity. It emphasizes the use of management practices in preference to the use of off-farm inputs, considering that regional conditions require locally adapted systems. This is accomplished by using, where possible, agronomic, biological, and mechanical methods, as opposed to using synthetic materials, to fulfil any specific function within the system." (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations).

In connection with this, innovative efforts introduce discoveries to improve the quality of Agro-life. Furthermore, one of the current innovations in the field of agriculture is the Aquaponic System. Aquaponics is a method of growing food that combines aquaculture (the practice of raising fish) and hydroponic (a soilless way of growing plants). Through the combination of these two growing methods, aquaponics offers a way to grow food that is resource-efficient, environmentally friendly, and yields high-quality produce (Go Green Aquaponics, 2023)

This innovation is found beneficial, however, there is still narrow information dissemination to educate and to the people about its system. As school remains the perfect place for learning and promotes learning which will be extended to the community. Therefore, schools may promote the Aquaponic System to the students and community.

In addition, the Department of Education (DepEd), the present study advocates the adoption and implementation of the learning Resources Management and Development System (LRMDS) under the implementing rules and regulations of Republic Act No. 9155 and to support the organization of Key Reform Thrust (KRT) 3 of the Basic Education Sector Reform Agenda (BESRA); further, the teachers may facilitate learning to prepare the students in more innovative learning and to apply different strategies and techniques in Organic Agriculture Production. Hence, developing Contextualized Learning Material (CLM) in Understanding and Building Aquaponics System as instructional material will be great to help TLE teachers and students who wished to pursue the aquaponics craft.

II. METHOD

The research employed a quasi-experimental, one-group post-test design to assess the development of contextualized learning materials in understanding and building aquaponics systems. It is employed to gather information about the present study. Data were gathered through validated questionnaires. The phases of these questionnaires include the validation of contextualized learning materials and the test questionnaires.

The main research instrument utilized in this study was an adopted questionnaire designed to assess the level of usability and content validity of the contextualized learning material developed for understanding and building aquaponics systems. The questionnaire used in this study was based on Cubillas' (2018) evaluation and validation tool and adapted for the specific purpose of this research.

The research procedure focused on creating contextualized learning material for comprehending and constructing aquaponics systems. To begin, the researcher developed the CLM by identifying the required competencies based on the curriculum guide. This process also involved employing the LRMDs framework to analyze, design, and develop instructional materials (IMs). During the analysis phase, the institution's needs and the characteristics of the target learners were assessed. The design phase encompassed formulating learning objectives and determining the sequence of topics. Finally, in the development stage, the content specifically addressed the Aquaponic System for Junior High School Students. It used descriptive statistics as the primary statistical tool.

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ABSTRACT

This study was conducted to determine the factors associated to reading literacy of grade 3 elementary school in upstream barangay at Borongan City Division namely Cabalagnan Elem. School, Banuyo Elem. School, Canyupay Elem. School and San Gregorio Elem. School. Respondents of this study are the Grade 3 Elementary pupils of the schools named above. The researchers used  survey questionnaire to gathered the data and uses Descriptive Statistical tool such frequency count, mean and standard deviation to analyses the data.

According to a study, 25.8% of grade 3 students from areas upstream of Borongan cannot read or require FULL REFRESHER. 16.1% can read at a moderate level.

Family background has a significant impact on a child's ability to succeed in school. In general, students from disadvantaged backgrounds have less developed language skills when they first enrol in school, some cannot even read. Parents without a Educational Attainment and Unemployed tend to focus more on their basic needs, like food.Majority of our Family background are unemployed and Farmers. No Wifi connections and Mobile Data. Few has reading materials at home and both parents were only High School Graduate. This shows that Parents as well has a big impact on our children education. Poverty is not hindrance to bright future. Reading, writing, and math skills of children are impacted by families' involvement in their learning and development through activities at home and in school.

This study affirms the notion that efforts to support young children's learning may require interventions to increase family involvement.

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

What are struggling readers? A struggling reader is a child who finds difficulty in learning to read.

As the Philippines prepares for the opening of school, we are presented with a World Bank report that 9 out of 10 children in the Philippines at the late primary age are not proficient in reading. The report, “The state of Global Learning Poverty: 2022 Updated,” sent many online communities into a frenzy and rightfully so. There has been a learning crisis in low-and middle-income countries even before the Covid-19 pandemic. In the Philippines they already sorry state of the public education was exacerbated by more than two years of remote learning. (Daphne Oseña- Paez , Manila Times, August 2022)

Reading challenges are all around us and although it is addressed issue among parents, there are still gaps in developing the abilities of their children on how to read. Parents rely on classrooms teachers’ knowledge and experience to help them navigate a variety of treatment options for their children. Unlike speaking, reading is not instinctive that is why it should be taught. Teachers have variety of tools at their disposal for teaching reading, yet the number of pupils who are unable to read at the primary school level remains high.

Having a positive self- image begins with reading. Non-readers or bad readers frequently have a low evaluation of themselves and their talents. Many times, they feel as though the world is against them. They may develop behavioral issues as a result of their feelings of loneliness. They do badly in other disciplines because they cannot read and grasp the content. Because of this, it is critical that our children get instruction.

Before they may become excellent readers writers in any language, young learners need a strong foundation in auditory and olfactory abilities. When a learners

join school, one of the tasks of the instructor is to offer an effective reading programmed that will help the learners to become a proficient reader. School and communities may better represent their cultural diversity by providing students with

rich and diverse learning environment that includes a variety of attraction, visual displays and engaging multimedia materials.

Reflective practice, observation and range of evaluation tools should be utilized to discover each learner’s need and the most suitable training.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM  

         An investigation is undertaken to determine the factors associated to reading literacy of Grade III learners of four upstream Elementary Schools in Borongan City Division.

         Specifically, this study will be sought to answer the following questions:

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of the following:

1.1  Age

1.2  Gender

1.3  Health Status

2. What is the family profile of the respondents in terms of the following:

2.1  Educational Attainment of both parents

2.2  Occupation of both parents

3. What is the social profile of the respondents in terms of the following:

3.1  Internet Connectivity

3.2  Education

3.3  Other Resources

4. What is the reading literacy level of the pupils?

5. Is there a significant relationship between personal profile and reading literacy?

6. Is there a significant relationship between family profile and reading literacy?

7. Is there a significant relationship between social profile and reading literacy?

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The following are some of the people that will benefit from this research:

The researcher- deems that the results of the study will benefit the following group people. This enables the researcher to get reliable data and replies from respondents in order to boost the research's efficiency. To clearly deliver a

judgment and suggestion based on the facts acquired and assessed. The research approach, technical talents, and expertise will all be improved.

To the pupils- who will be able to develop their reading literacy. They will not be afraid to commit mistakes in articulating the word that they are going to speak

To the teachers- of their foremost roles is to encourage all attempts at reading, this study is vital in that it may be able to improve their teaching strategy in allowing students of varying ability to experience the different function and use of literacy activities.

To the parents- who play a big role in their child’s development, their involvement serves as reinforcement for the pupils to grow in all aspects especially in letting their children know how to read and write.

To the community- who will be encouraged to provide programs or activities for the teachers and pupils which will help improve the reading literacy.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This study aims to find out the factors associated to reading literacy. The researcher will select respondents from the student of upstream or panalugon barangay of Borongan City specifically district V that are grades three (3) and four (4) during the school year 2022-2023. Data collection will be done through survey questionnaires with pre-determined choices to ensure the quantitative nature of the study.

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ABSTRACT

Title:  TEACHERS’ COLLABORATIVE STRATEGIES IN    TEACHING   TECHNOLOGY AND LIVELIHOOD    EDUCATION

Researcher:   MARICEL C. RAMOS

Degree Conferred: Master of Arts in Education Major in Educational Management

Adviser:    DR. ROGER R. MORALLOS

School:      University of Caloocan City

Year:          2019

The study attempted to assess the  collaborative strategies employed  by the teacher respondents  in teaching Technology and Livelihood Education in Grade 9 in selected secondary schools in Quezon City  namely  Novaliches High School, San Bartolome High School, Maligaya High School, Sta Lucia High School, Dona High School, Lagro High School, North Fairview High School  with 50 Technology and Livelihood Education (TLE)  teachers drawn purposively and 49 grade nine learners,  during the school year 2018-2019.

Specific questions such as the collaborative strategies teacher-respondents employ in Teaching  Technology and Livelihood Education (TLE) in Grade Nine, performance of the grade nine learners  based on pre and post tests Mean Percentage Score (MPS) in Technology and Livelihood Education (TLE) before and after employing collaborative strategies, test of  significant difference in their performance and the  challenges encountered by teacher respondents in the Use of collaborative strategies.

The descriptive qualitative method of research  was used in this study with a guided interview as data gathering instruments. Information  were elicited through the so-called Relationship Discussion-Based Learning (RDL). The  data gathered during the discussion were analyzed and interpreted using frequency and percentage, mean and the z-test.

         The salient findings of the study are presented hereunder:

The collaborative strategies Technology and Livelihood Education (TLE) teachers employ in grade nine are the following : Informal/Flexible  Learning; Structured Group Session; Think-Pair Share and Peer Learning; Demonstration Strategy; Play to Learn and Learn to Play Strategy; Semi-Structured Strategy; Jigsaw/Puzzle Trip Strategy; Simulation Technique; and Dramatization Activity.

The performance of the Grade Nine learners in Technology and Livelihood Education (TLE) in terms of their mean percentage score before using collaborative strategies was only 24.82 percent far from mastery level. However, after employing collaborative strategies, the mean percentage score of the same learners and subject increased to 72.50 percent which is nearing mastery.

The null hypothesis (Hₒ) that there is no significant difference in the performance of grade nine learners in TLE based on pre and post- test mean percentage score before and after employing collaborative strategies  is Rejected. There is significant difference in the MPS after using collaborative strategy.

The challenges encountered by the respondents  in the use  of collaborative strategies are attributed to diversity of learners’ learning capabilities; ineffective teachers since it is not their major filed; lack of materials and equipment; inadequate multi-level activities; classroom management and discipline among others.

Based on the foregoing presentations of the findings of this investigation, it was deemed recommended that this study be considered in designing a lesson in TLE and others subjects specifically the use of collaborative strategies.

Subsequently, it is recommended that this may provide a guide to future research enthusiasts to conduct a parallel study to substantiate the findings.

Kapt.Jose Cardones Integrated School takes the lead in the mandate of the Department of Education (DepEd) DO 5, s. 2014 for the revitalization of National Greening Programs, which include Gulayan sa Paaralan and Ecological Solid Waste Management for sustainable development.

Our School has taken all the vacant lots as Gulayan sa Paaralan. With the creative and collaborative effort of the teachers, non-teaching, parents, and learners, we utilize recyclables (bottles, containers, used tires) as planting media or seedbeds because of the limited planting area.

In sustaining the program, we are very fortunate to have very supportive stakeholders like NGOs, LGU, parents, and other individuals.

They donated varieties of ready-to-plant vegetables like string beans, Pechay, spinach, radish, basil, okra, eggplant, Chinese kangkong,and tomato, etc. We were very grateful to our donors, for their continued support and encouragement.

To ensure the sustainability of this project the Youth for Environment in Schools Organization (YES-O), School in the Garden (SIGA) , parents, teaching and non-teaching staff go hand in hand in maintaining the school garden following the 5 R's (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Rot, Repair)in waste management. As a result, we won the BEST ECO-GARDEN among 25 participating public schools in Taguig City and Pateros, which was recognized by the Division of Taguig City and Pateros, Knowledge Channel, and Unilever Philippines last December 19, 2022.

At present, we are promoting the use of organic fertilizers and composts that may be made from waste materials, such as chicken droppings which we can easily get from home, dried leaves, and other biodegradable materials.

Through this project, our school has served 100 feeding clientele who are identified with low Body Mass Index. We provided learners with nutritious meals such as hot mongo with spinach and pechay, sinigang with eggplant kangkong, and other wholesome dishes.

We received praise from the parents and guardians of our feeding program. They were very happy that their children were getting nutritious meals every day. We also received positive feedback from the health center, which monitored our feeding program.

Our school garden is an example of how a small space—if well-tended—can provide big benefits.

ABSTRACT

ALONZO, NAOMIE A., MALINAO, DAPHNE MARIE E., ANTIOQUIA, CLARVENE B., ANTIOQUIA, ROLDAN B., PADRIGANO, KARINA JEAN G., DE LA ROSA, ARVI T., TABUNDA, EVA ROSARIO R., OPERARIO, ODESSA., EASTERN SAMAR STATE UNIVERSITY, BORONGAN CITY, PHILIPPINES, DECEMBER 2022, “COMPREHENSION SKILLS AND STUDENTS’ PERFORMANCE IN MATHEMATICS”

TEACHER: DR. MARINA A. APILADO

This correlation research design study described the performance level of grade 7 students in reading comprehension skills and performance in Mathematics. It further investigated how all elements of reading skills are related to students’ performance in Mathematics. A total of three hundred eighty-two (382) Grade 7 learner-respondents from Eastern Samar National comprehensive School in Borongan City were randomly selected using the lottery technique to answer the reading comprehension skill questionnaire. Consent forms were given to parents of the students before the collection of data. Participants were tasked to read selections/stories before answering the questionnaires for reading comprehension skills. Participants’ first quarter grades obtained from their advisers served as a mathematics performance indicator. A conclusion from the findings of the study was drawn: most of the Grade 7 Academic achievers of Eastern Samar Comprehensive High School who got outstanding, very satisfactory to satisfactory ratings passed the reading comprehension test. Correlation analysis conducted through Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software showed that there is a significant correlation between the reading comprehension level of Grade 7 learners to his/her grade or performance in mathematics. Based on the conclusions, the following recommendations are hereby presented: reading comprehension skills of the students must be improved. For immediate action to the problem, students with reading difficulties must be identified on the first week of classes or upon enrollment. Teachers and parents must help together to monitor the reading progress of students who have reading lag and conduct other interventions such as incorporating mathematical problems in the reading exercises for familiarization of mathematical language and to better understand the subject. For more reliable results, further studies shall explore using final grades or at least the average of three quarters grades in Mathematics. The rating for one quarter may not be a representative grade of the student.

Keywords: Reading Comprehension Skills, Mathematics Performance, Numeracy and Literacy

CHAPTER I

 INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Mathematics plays a vital role in the everyday life of so many people, as emphasized by Ali (2016); Karakolidis, (2016); and Enu, (2015), and that such is one subject at school that affects all aspects of human life at different levels. In fact, mathematics is regarded as one of the most important subjects in the school curriculum as students need good mathematics achievement to further their studies and for their future.

According to Maamin, (2021) for a country, good mathematical achievement is needed to produce a workforce that can contribute to science and technology. However, Chand, (2021) presented findings that mathematical achievement at present is less encouraging. Students’ perception of mathematics appears as if it is the subject providing the biggest challenge at school, and there is a general impression among students that its very nature complicates mathematics. Because of this impression, a phobia for the subject appears and develops.  Despite the highly decorated and recognized importance of mathematics and the fact that it is the prerequisite for most of the other subjects, Chand (2021) stressed that the student’s perception on the subject, generally results in poor achievement as well. Poor performance then remains as an issue of concern in schools, colleges, and universities in developed and developing countries alike.

This is evidenced through the International Large-Scale Assessment (ILSA) as the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2018. From the results, only 27 out of 78 countries are significantly above the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) average, 5 out of 78 countries are not statistically significantly different from the OECD average and 46 out of 78 are significantly below the OECD average.  This problem has been mentioned by Thien (2016), Mundia and Metussin (2018). According to this data gathered from PISA where the OECD average was 489 points; the United States scored below the OECD average for math proficiency as it scored 478, Japan got 527 points, Indonesia got 379 points, and the Philippines got 353 points, placing the second lowest rank in mathematics. On a scale of 0–1,000, the average score in math proficiency among education systems ranged from 592 in China to 326 in the Dominican Republic.

Similarly, the recent 2018 research conducted by the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) for reading comprehension found that 15-year-olds in the United States score 505 points, Japan scored 504 points, and Hong Kong China scored 524 points, compared to an average of 487 points in OECD countries.  The Philippines ranked the lowest in terms of Reading Comprehension with 340 points.

Reading comprehension, or the process of engaging text for the purpose of extracting and constructing meaning (Snow, 2002), has paramount importance to academic success and future life outcomes (National Institute of Child Health and Human Development [NICHD], 2000; Snow, 2002). Basically, reading comprehension requires the coordination of multiple linguistic and cognitive processes including, but not limited to, word reading ability, working memory, inference generation, comprehension monitoring, vocabulary, and prior knowledge (Perfetti, Landi, & Oakhill, 2005). In connection, reading theorists have grappled with how to comprehensively, and meaningfully portray reading comprehension and a lot of theoretical models have been proposed in recent decades hence it can be said that reading comprehension is one of the most complex behaviors in which humans engage (McNamara & Magliano, 2009; Perfetti & Stafura, 2014).

The dismal state of mathematics and reading comprehension achievement of students was evident in the results of international, national, and regional mathematics tests.  Hence, literacy and numeracy education is one of the priority concerns of the Department of Education (DepEd) in the Philippines. Caoli-Rodriguez (2010) highlighted the performance of Filipino students in the 2003 Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) in which Filipino second-year high school students ranked 41st in math out of 46 participants, stuck at the bottom while struggling at a passing level locally.  Furthermore,

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In the vast landscape of the Information Age, where connectivity is at our fingertips, a menacing shadow lurks - cyberbullying. Yet, in the digital realms of our interconnected world, a renaissance is quietly unfolding, a movement of resilience, empathy, and innovation that holds the promise of triumph over this modern-day affliction. This is journey through the labyrinth of cyberbullying, exploring its complexities and revealing the seeds of a digital renaissance.

Cyberbullying serves as a powerful reminder that the digital stage is not just the well-lit spaces for connection and creativity. It stretches into shadowy places where people engage in cruelty while hiding behind obscurity. Online forums, social media, and messaging services all serve as both arenas and canvases for this modern warfare.

A cyberbully is a complicated mosaic of circumstances and motivations rather than a singular entity. People lose their identities and let their inner demons loose behind the computer. To address the root of the problem, it is essential to comprehend this multidimensional offender.

By being isolated and subjected to a virtual barrage of words and pictures, cyberbullying victims are frequently silenced. These people, who suffer the most from digital brutality, have invisible wounds that last long after the screens have turned off. Their challenges merit our consideration, sympathy, and assistance.

The psychological battleground of cyberbullying forces victims to contend with emotional upheaval, anxiety, sadness, and, in the most terrible situations, suicidal ideation. The fight against it is more important than ever given how amplified humiliation and harassment can be in this digital age.

Cyberbullying has an effect that goes beyond just the one victim. A path of suffering and trauma is left in the aftermath, affecting friends, families, and entire communities. The rippling effect of this cyber-cruelty necessitates group effort to end the cycle of harm.

A ray of hope shines through the darkness of cyberbullying. There are more and more programs encouraging kindness, education, and digital empathy. Online groups band together to support sufferers and spread knowledge. These initiatives demonstrate that kindness can flourish even online.

Although it hangs over the digital environment like a shadow, cyberbullying is not unstoppable. A pinnacle is subtly taking place in the middle of this digital upheaval. Its guiding principles are empathy, education, and innovation, which provide a way to victory over this contemporary ailment.

We can progressively drive out the darkness of cyberbullying by cultivating empathy for the silent victims, educating ourselves and our children about digital responsibility, and holding people accountable for their online behavior. Let's build a tale of digital era, where empathy and understanding rule supreme, in the vast fabric of the 21st century.

Proving excellence for how many years, that's what diligent educ students are. One of their goals should be to provide an impact to education. A student who's dreaming of becoming a teacher someday, fulfils the mission which is to provide help for country's education system. Every student could do it because this is an educ student’s future profession. Achieving its goal by working hard to become a person who will shape the future hopes of our country.

Teachers aspire to inspire students in all facets of their lives, and their greatest ambition is to be a role model for many students. A role model is someone who inspires and encourages learners to aspire for success, and teaches them how to achieve their full potential to become the best they can be through practice and dedication. To encourage an uninterested student to become engrossed in learning as a potential educator is a must. Inspire them to take part and concentrate, and even get introverted students out of their shells. A great teacher can make students learn, encourage a passion for languages, make fun of math or science, and transform history lessons into stories that are fun and exciting. One of the simplest goals for many teachers is to encourage their students to enjoy learning. But a teacher's inspiring influence can transcend the classroom. Too often, because of their teachers, we hear people say that they were inspired to pursue their careers. A great teacher can leave an indelible mark that lasts a lifetime, and for many of us, our teachers influenced some of our most important decisions. On my profession, being a teacher is difficult but quite memorable. You will be felt overwhelmed whenever you see your past students being successful. It means that you fulfil your promise, a promise that you will guide them until their potential comes out and use it to become successful in life.

My profession is focused on one goal. It is to provide a quality education for students. For now, working hard is the best that I can do. The commitment to myself and to the children I see on the streets is my inspiration to become a better teacher. I will do my best to achieve this one. I can't take the problem of our country anymore. Lack of career teachers are hindrance for a good quality of education. As the time passes by, my goal will remain inside me until the right time comes. That is the time which I can face the children in front of me, my students, the future hopes of the country.

"We are not makers of history. We are made by history," Martin Luther King, Jr. There's a chance that you enrolled history subject, and your thoughts by the end of this is "boring". The history you are talking about inside your classroom can feel like an endless barrage of names and dates, battles, wars, discoveries, ancient happenings, etc. You will ask yourself "who cares about all of this?" But what we are talking is why those things happen and how it happened. How can knight and horses turns into tanks, swords and shields turned into rifles and machine guns, and how things evolve like languages and the way of living from the past until today. History is not just history. By a deeper understanding, we will learn how the past shaped our present and prepare our futures. Studying history is the reason why our present is currently informed, surviving all the challenges and lifting up the burdens while preparing the future to be ready for the upcoming difficulties.

History is narrative. We look to understand the past by determining facts and because of these, we are able to explain and make solutions and decisions that will shape our existence. When we looked back to our childhood days, we can remember ourselves struggling in history class like araling panlipunan, HeKaSi, etc. For us, history is just a jumble names and dates of the events attached with the people died long time ago. We didn't realize that history is important for us, for everyone. It helps us to understand ourselves and other people especially in terms of our own cultures. Because of history, we understand how cultures arise and developed. There are evidence that shows how culture shaped as the time passes by. It is essential to know the things in the past, what are the driving force that shaped our lives. There are many individuals who contributed a lot for the future generation just like scientists who study the behavior of a human being in the past. Facts and evidence their way of living in the past are very useful because it shows how it developed as time goes by. It really helped the current generation to shape themselves and the way they live.

History offers bunch of information about how people and other societies behave. Even though we are in modern generation, we tend to rely on the facts and information in the past. This gives us an idea on how to react when there is something happened. The past causes the present and so the future. When there's a problem came, we tend to look for an answer by studying the past as they say "History repeats itself". The facts and information can help the current generation to cope up with difficulties. People must know even just a bit of information in the past because it makes them a good citizen.

The history of public education in the Philippines is a nuanced tale full of struggles, victories, and broken promises. This essay begins an investigation at the numerous issues and challenges that public schools in the archipelago have long faced. The educational voyage plays out with a mixture of hope and sorrow due to issues including overcrowded classrooms, obsolete textbooks, poorly paid teachers, and inaccessible facilities.

The ongoing issue of packed classrooms is one of the most important concerns in public schools. Students share limited resources and space like sardines in a can. There aren't many desks, and the student-to-teacher ratio is frequently unbalanced. Due to this overpopulation, many students fall between the gaps and personalized learning is stifled.

Meanwhile, teachers in public schools are the unsung heroes who face the daily problems head-on. They battle with issues including low pay, demanding workloads, and the responsibility of shaping the brains of children. A tribute to the resiliency of the Filipino spirit is the fact that many instructors continue to be committed to and passionate about their work in spite of these challenges.

Public schools also struggle with a dearth of cutting-edge instructional resources and technology. Students' ability to study in a quickly changing environment is hampered by outdated textbooks, a lack of online resources, and internet connectivity issues. Students are becoming less equipped for the challenges of the 21st century as the digital divide expands.

In addition, many public schools have outdated and inadequate infrastructure. The learning environment is hampered by outdated classrooms, poor sanitation, and a lack of accessible routes for students with special needs. These circumstances undermine pupils' dignity as well as their ability to learn.

Glimmers of optimism appear among the darkness of hardship. Government changes, community involvement, and initiatives from committed educators are beginning to illuminate the way forward. Stories of tenacious students who overcome challenging situations arouse hope for change.

The issues and challenges faced by public schools in the Philippines are significant and ingrained. They call for innovative ideas, teamwork, and a reinvigorated belief that education is the basis for a better future. In the voyage of public education, let us remember that the journey toward change begins with understanding, empathy, and a steadfast belief in the transformative power of learning.

In today's world, mental health issues are more common and important than ever. Ecological catastrophes can have significant implications on mental health, according to Morganstein and Ursano (2020), while Popa (2021) emphasizes the detrimental effects of loneliness on mental health as a trade-off of governmental solutions to COVID-19. This essay will examine the causes and consequences of mental health issues, highlighting the need of knowledge and accessibility to appropriate care.

The emergence of mental health problems is influenced by a number of factors. An individual's vulnerability to specific illnesses is influenced by genetic predispositions (Krabbendam et al., 2020). Neurotransmitter abnormalities, for example, can have an impact on mental health. A person's mental health can also be significantly impacted by environmental factors such traumatic experiences, substance misuse, and social pressures (Guan, 2017).

The effects of untreated or improperly managed mental health issues can be extensive. These illnesses have a serious negative impact on people's everyday lives, interpersonal interactions, and general wellbeing. Symptoms like lack of motivation or focus might have a negative impact on academic or professional performance. Moreover, because of the stigma associated with mental illness, societal inclusion may prove difficult.

In conclusion, it is critical to improve access to appropriate treatment choices and increase awareness of mental health issues. The underlying reasons of these issues range from genetics to environmental variables including trauma and drug usage. Among the many repercussions are disturbances in daily living, interpersonal relationships, academic and professional performance, and society integration.

In order to address these issues, lawmakers, healthcare professionals, educators, and the general public must work together. We can start lowering the prevalence and importance of these disorders by giving priority to early intervention programs that address both preventative tactics and efficient therapies for people already experiencing mental health challenges.

It is crucial that we all understand that helping those who are struggling with mental health issues is not only a matter of compassion, but also a way to build stronger, more welcoming communities. We can eliminate the barriers that keep people from seeking assistance and make sure that the proper support mechanisms are in place by encouraging empathy and understanding.

It is time for society as a whole to unite and give mental health top priority. We can only give people the care they need to lead fulfilling lives through comprehensive strategy, increased research funding, better access to treatment alternatives, and de-stigmatization programs.

Emotional, psychological, and social aspects of mental health are all important components of overall wellbeing. It significantly affects a person's capacity to deal with problems that arise on a daily basis, uphold healthy relationships, and function at their best. It is crucial to address mental health issues and concerns since they can have a significant impact on people's lives, communities, and society as a whole.

The World Health Organization (WHO) describes mental health as "a state of well-being in which every individual realizes their potential, can cope with normal stresses of life, work productively and fruitfully, and contributes to their community." Mental health includes emotional well-being, cognitive abilities, psychological functioning, resilience to stressors, and the ability to form meaningful social connections. Supportive relationships, healthy lifestyle decisions like regular exercise and a balanced diet, and access to healthcare services are just a few of the factors that have an impact on good mental health.

The stigma connected with mental illness stops people from getting care because they are ashamed or afraid of others finding out about their condition, which is one of the social difficulties related to mental health. For those who need professional assistance but are unable to afford it or who lack the necessary resources in their areas, limited access to care creates additional obstacles (Patel, S. & Erickson, T. 2022). These difficulties emphasize the necessity of heightened awareness initiatives intended to lessen stigma while enhancing accessibility.

Early intervention programs and resilience building are two prevention strategies for mental health problems. Early detection and action can lessen symptoms' intensity and enhance results. Furthermore, it is essential to create surroundings that promote healthy mental health. Implementing workplace wellness programs, teaching stress-reduction techniques, and encouraging work-life balance are some examples of how to do this.

In order to prevent mental health problems, awareness-raising and education are essential. By educating people on the typical warning signs and symptoms of mental illness as well as the support services that are available, it is feasible for them to recognize problems early and receive the necessary care without delay (Siddaway, A. et al., 2020). Public awareness programs that try to lessen the stigma associated with seeking assistance for mental health issues can also help with prevention efforts.

In conclusion, taking care of one's mental health is crucial for general wellbeing both personally and societally. Key elements in creating a mentally healthy society include comprehending what mental health is, identifying the problems and worries that people commonly experience, and putting prevention techniques into practice. We can create effective prevention tactics that advance general wellbeing by comprehending mental health difficulties and recognizing their influence. Everyone will have access to the services and care they need if stigma is eliminated and individuals are empowered through education. Because mental health permeates all aspect of our lives, promoting it is essential for both individual development and society advancement.

The age-old saying "Time is gold" beautifully captures the timeless wisdom of valuing and using our time wisely. It's a phrase that transcends cultures and generations, reminding us that time, like precious gold, is something we can't replace or create more of. In this essay, we'll explore the deep meaning behind this saying, how it applies to various aspects of our lives, and why it's still so relevant in our fast-paced world today.

At its core, this saying reminds us that time is a valuable asset we can't get back once it's gone. It emphasizes the irreplaceable nature of time, highlighting that every moment wasted represents a missed opportunity. Just as we treasure gold for its scarcity, time's limited availability makes it even more precious.

This saying encourages us to be productive and efficient in our daily lives. Similar to how gold symbolizes wealth, making the most of our time can lead to personal and professional success. When we manage our time well, we can make progress toward our goals, whether they're related to our careers, personal lives, or education.

In a world filled with distractions and competing demands, this saying prompts us to prioritize our tasks and activities. It encourages us to focus on what truly matters, distinguishing between endeavors that contribute to our goals and those that are mere distractions. This way, we can use our time more effectively.

Procrastination, which involves putting off tasks, often leads to a misallocation of time. The saying "Time is gold" serves as a reminder that delaying important tasks can result in missed opportunities and reduced productivity. It encourages us to overcome procrastination and address important matters promptly.

This saying also underscores the importance of recognizing and seizing opportunities as they come our way. Opportunities often depend on timing, whether in business, relationships, or personal growth, and they can be fleeting. "Time is gold" urges us to stay alert and proactive, ready to take advantage of moments that could shape our future.

While the saying emphasizes the value of time, it also reminds us that life shouldn't be all about constant productivity. Finding a balance between work, leisure, and personal fulfillment is crucial for overall well-being. Recognizing that "time is gold" doesn't mean sacrificing our quality of life but rather making sure our use of time aligns with our values and aspirations.

In conclusion, the saying "Time is gold" is a timeless and universal reminder of the priceless nature of time in our lives. It calls on us to be aware of the fleeting nature of time, make conscious choices about how we spend it, and approach opportunities with determination and purpose. As we navigate today's complex world, this saying guides us toward a life that's both productive and fulfilling, where every moment is truly cherished.

Life, a mysterious journey that stretches from the moment we're born to the day we leave this world, is a complex voyage filled with unexpected twists and turns. It's like a constantly changing mosaic, where we encounter surprises and challenges that we could never have predicted.

One of the defining characteristics of life is its unpredictability. No matter how carefully we plan or how determined we are, life has a way of throwing unexpected obstacles and opportunities our way. It's as if we're navigating through a dense, ever-shifting forest where new paths constantly appear, taking us into uncharted territory.

While life's unpredictability can be daunting, it's also what makes the journey so rich and full of depth. It requires us to be adaptable, quick on our feet, and resilient in the face of adversity. These unexpected twists force us to reevaluate our assumptions and expand our horizons. It's during these challenging moments that we discover our inner strength and capacity for personal growth.

The unexpected turns in life often test our resilience. They bring us face to face with hardships and setbacks that may seem insurmountable at first. However, it's in these moments of adversity that we have the opportunity to rise above our circumstances and become stronger. Resilience isn't about avoiding difficulties; it's about navigating through them with determination and grace.

But life's journey isn't just a series of challenges; it also includes moments of serendipity and unexpected joy. These are the moments when we stumble upon something beautiful, when a chance encounter turns into a lifelong friendship, or when a seemingly random event changes the course of our lives for the better. These moments remind us that life is full of surprises, some of which bring happiness rather than hardship.

Ultimately, life's intricate journey is a path of self-discovery. As we navigate its twists and turns, we gain deeper insights into ourselves—our strengths, weaknesses, values, and dreams. We uncover hidden talents, confront our fears, and gain a clearer understanding of what truly matters to us. These discoveries help us find our purpose and direction in life.

In conclusion, life is a multifaceted adventure filled with unexpected twists and challenges that both test and inspire us. While we can't control the path it takes, we can choose how we respond to its surprises. We can embrace the uncertainty, cultivate resilience, and savor the moments of unexpected joy. Through it all, we continue to learn, evolve, and grow, turning the journey of life into an extraordinary and unpredictable adventure.

Halos lahat tayo ay pamilyar sa kasabihang "kung ano ang puno ay siya ring bunga". Dito ko maihahantulad ang pahayag na "Ang lipunan o sosyedad ay masasalamin sa iluluwal na literatura o panitikan". Ang puno na siyang ang siyang sumisimbolo sa lipunan at ang bunga naman ay simisimbolo sa literatura o panitikan.

Hindi makakabuo ng mayamang panitikan kung wala itong matibay na pinagmulan. Ang lipunan o sosyedad ang siyang nagiging pundasyon sa paggawa ng iba't ibang klase ng literatura dahil dito umiikot ang buhay ng mga indibidwal. Dito nagmumula ang mga detalyadong salita na nakabubuo ng mga masisining na pangungusap ng bawat manunulat dahil ang mga pangyayari sa isang lipunan ay lubos na nakapagbibigay impluwensya sa takbo ng pag-iisip at damdamin ng tao kung gayon, ito ay nagbibigay repleksyon sa kung ano ang kaniyang isinasalaysay sa pagsulat.

Bilang halimbawa, madalas kong isinusulat kung ano ang ipinapahayag ng aking damdamin sa pamamagitan ng tula. Naranasan ko na ring magsulat ng iba't-ibang uri ng panitikan tulad ng talambuhay, salawikain, parabula, at marami pang iba. Nagagawa ko ang mga ito base aa aking karanasan at sa mga nakikita ko sa aking kapaligiran. Ito'y nagpapatunay na ang literatura ay sumasalamin sa iba't ibang parte na bumubuo sa isang lipunan.

Ang mga nabubuong literatura o panitikan ay sumasalamin sa iba't-ibang elementong matatagpuan sa isang sosyedad. Ito ang nagsisilbing repleksyon kung paano nga ba ang sistema ng pamahalaan, pananampalataya, kultura, at tradisyon na nabuo ng mga grupo ng tao. Isinasalaysay rin nito ang iba't ibang karanasan may kaugnay sa pag-ibig, kaligayahan, kalungkutan, at pag-asa ng bawat indibidwal na bumubuo sa partikular na sosyedad. Ang literatura ang nagsisilbing basehan kung paano nga ba mailalarawan o nabibigyan halaga ang mga ipinagmamalaki ng mga indibidwal sa bawat lipunan.

Bilang konklusyon, ang lipunan ay masasalamin sa iluluwal na literatura at panitikan dahil dito umiikot ang pang araw-araw na gawain ng mga Tao na siyang tumatayong repleksyon sa sistema ng kanilang pamumuhay.

History is the meticulous examination of the past, encompassing the people, societies, events, and challenges that have shaped our world. This pursuit is universal, transcending cultural boundaries, and takes the form of an epic narrative, an unfolding story filled with remarkable individuals and tales of both turmoil and triumph. Every generation contributes its unique chapters to this ongoing saga while reinterpreting and unearthing new insights from the pages already written. History offers us a profound sense of identity. By comprehending our historical roots, we gain a clearer understanding of our present selves. History provides us with a contextual framework for comprehending our lives and existence, shedding light on the present state of affairs and guiding our future endeavors. It teaches us about the essence of humanity, spotlighting our greatest achievements and grievous errors. Furthermore, history is an instructive medium, offering guidance on how we can better organize and govern our societies for the common good.

Primarily, history serves as a repository of knowledge regarding the behaviors of individuals and societies. Understanding the intricacies of human behavior and societal dynamics is a formidable challenge, although various disciplines attempt to unravel these complexities. Relying solely on contemporary data would unnecessarily limit our understanding. How can we analyze war during peacetime unless we draw from historical sources? How can we grasp the nuances of genius, the impact of technological innovation, or the role of beliefs in shaping family life without tapping into historical experiences? Some social scientists endeavor to formulate laws or theories about human behavior, yet even these theories depend on historical data. Major aspects of a society's functioning, such as large-scale elections, missionary endeavors, or military alliances, cannot be subjected to precise experiments. Consequently, history must serve, albeit imperfectly, as our laboratory, and historical evidence becomes our most critical resource in our quest to decipher the intricacies of why our multifaceted species behaves as it does within societal contexts. This fundamental need is why we are drawn to history: it provides an extensive evidential foundation for the contemplation and analysis of how societies operate, and individuals require a fundamental understanding of societal operations to navigate their own lives effectively.

The rationales for studying history extend to more particular and diverse applications in our daily lives. Well-crafted history narratives possess an inherent beauty. Many historians who captivate the general readership understand the significance of captivating storytelling, interwoven with accuracy. Biographical and military histories are appealing because they contain captivating stories. History, as both an art form and a form of entertainment, serves a genuine purpose. It appeals to aesthetics but also contributes to human comprehension. Well-told stories not only entertain but also reveal how individuals and societies functioned, prompting contemplation about the human experience in different times and places. The desire for historical exploration is driven by the same aesthetic and humanistic objectives, propelling us to delve into the distant past, which may seem removed from immediate utility. Unraveling how individuals in bygone eras constructed their lives offers beauty and excitement, providing an alternative perspective on the human condition and society.

In essence, history is a narrative of humanity, a journey through time that reveals our collective story, filled with moments of brilliance and fallibility. It serves as our teacher, our guide, and our mirror, allowing us to better understand ourselves and the world around us. In the intricate tapestry of history, we find not only our past but also the threads that connect us to the present and future, enriching our lives with wisdom, insight, and an appreciation for the richness of the human experience.